HUMAN SYSTEMS
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Economic Sectors Primary – involve using the ground Secondary – manufacturing & construction Tertiary – provide services rather than goods
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Traditional Herding, hunting & gathering Market Individuals & markets make decisions on production and set prices
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Command Governments make decisions about products and prices Mixed Gov’t ownership in some sectors with private ownership Heavy regulation
DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES The world has unequal distribution of resources, capital, and infrastructure Leads to unequal development
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT MDCs (Core) $, high-tech, high standards of living Emerging Some $, education systems LDCs (Periphery) Low wages
Settlement types Settlement patterns Land uses Urban structure URBAN & RURAL GEOGRAPHY
SETTLEMENT TYPES Trade River crossings & crossroads Natural harbors Heads of deltas Defense Hilltops Mouths of passes Look at the map on p. 121
Dispersed – no threats, individuals Homesteads plantations Clustered – protection from attack, building communities Linear nucleated RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS
Von Thunen’s Model Activity is based on distance from town Valuable crops are closest to the market Transportation costs & spoilage are main factors AGRICULTURAL LAND USE
TYPES OF AGRICULTURE Subsistence agriculture Shifting cultivation pastoralism Commercial agriculture MDCs Mechanized Economy of scale LDCs Cash crops plantations
URBAN STRUCTURE Urban area develop in predictable ways Each world region developed its own style Services, industry, income levels tend to cluster Growth leads to new models
Types of Boundaries Natural Cultural Geometric POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
Reasons for Conflict Nationalism Ethnic conflicts Control of territory Economic issues Tariffs quotas Competition for resources Spratly Islands
Reasons for Cooperation Political & Military NATO OAS UN Economic EU NAFTA WTO