Cells & Cell Organelles Ms. Burakiewicz Chapter 5

Cytology & Scientists  Cytology is the study of ___________________  _________________ – used a compound microscope, examined slices of cork – saw boxlike structures, now we call these structures cells.  Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – used a single-lens microscope, examined pond water – saw living things, now we call them ____________________organisms.  __________________ – named the structure known as the _________________ but did not know the function of it at this time.

 The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory are: 1. All organisms are composed of one or more ________. 2. The cell is the __________ unit of _________ in all living things. 3. All cells are produced by the _____________ of preexisting cells (cells come from cells!) The Cell Theory

Prokaryotic Cells  “_________________” – contains ______ membrane-bound organelles, no ___________  These consist of the smallest, simple, single-celled organisms  Ex) ____________

Eukaryotic Cells “_____________” contains membranes, many organelles, has a nucleus _________________

Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells Bacterial cells also contain flagellum, plasmid and capsule. FeatureProkaryoticEukaryotic Size Small about 0.5 micrometers Larger, Up to 40 micrometers Genetic material Circular DNA plasmid (cytoplasm) DNA in form of chromosomes (nucleus) Organelles Few present, none membrane bound Many organelles Cell walls Rigid Fungi: rigid, formed from polysaccharide, chitin. Plant: rigid, formed from polysaccharides. Ex) cellulose. Animals no cell wall

Types of cells

Cell size comparison Bacterial cell Animal cell  micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter  diameter of human hair = ~20 microns most bacteria  1-10 microns eukaryotic cells  microns

Why study cells?  Bodies  Cells  ______________________________

 What jobs have to be performed for an organism to live…  breathe  eat  make energy  remove wastes  respond to environment  growth & development  reproduction The Work of Life these are the same jobs your cells have to do!

Cells gotta live!  What jobs do cells have to do?  _____________________  for daily life  for growth  _____________________  growth  reproduction  repair  _____________________  proteins control every cell function

Organelles  ___________________ structures in the _______________ of cells that carry out these specific functions (jobs).

Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)  Separates cell from surrounding ________________  Maintains ____________________  ______ layered structure – lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates (Fluid Mosaic Model)  ________________________ – allows some substances to pass freely, others to not pass at all  Made mostly of Proteins and Phospholipids!!!!!  We will look at this more later…

Cytoplasm  ______________ material, between the cell membrane and nucleus. _______________ the many organelles Organelles “__________” in this

Making Proteins

Proteins do all the work! one of the major job of cells is to make proteins proteins do all the work!

Building Proteins  Organelles involved  __________________  __________________ __________________  __________________ nucleusribosomeER Golgi apparatus vesicles

Nucleus  Function  __________________  instructions for building proteins  Structure  nuclear membrane  pores for moving material in & out  nucleolus  ribosome factory

Nucleus

Ribosomes  Function  ________________________________________  Structure  RNA & proteins  2 subunits

Endoplasmic Reticulum  Function  __________________ __________________  membrane factory  Structure  rough ER  ribosomes attached  smooth ER

 rough ER  ribosomes attached  smooth ER Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus  Function  __________________________________  “shipping & receiving department”  __________________________________  ships proteins in ___________________  membrane sacs  “UPS trucks”

Golgi Apparatus

DNA RNA ribosome endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus

Making proteins

Making Energy ATP

Cells need power!  Making energy  ______________________ ATP

Lysosomes  Function  _______________________________  digests food  _______________________________  cleans up broken down organelles  Structure  pockets of digestive enzymes

Lysosomes white blood cells attack & eat invading germs = digest them in lysosomes

Lysosome function  Lysosomes fuse with ________ vacuoles  ____________ nutrients for the cell vacuole

When things go bad…  Diseases of lysosomes are fatal  digestive enzyme not working in lysosome  picks up food, but can’t digest it  lysosomes fill up with undigested material  grow larger & larger until disrupt cell & organ function  example: __________________________  build up undigested fat in brain cells

But sometimes cells need to die…  Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when they are supposed to be destroyed  some cells have to die for proper development in an organism  ex: tadpole tail gets re-absorbed when it turns into a frog  “auto-destruct” process  lysosomes break open and kill cell  cell “suicide”

Making energy  ______________________  make energy from sugar  sugar (glucose)  ATP  ______________________  make energy & sugar from sunlight  sunlight  ATP & sugar  ATP = active energy  sugar = stored energy

Mitochondria  sugars  ATP  _________________  ________________ glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP  +++ in both animal & plant cells

Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

Chloroplasts  sun energy  ATP & sugars  _____________________ + water + energy  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  +++

glucose + oxygen  carbon + water + energy dioxide C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 OATP  water + energy  glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide 6CO 2 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6O 2 light energy  +++ Compare the equations Photosynthesis Respiration

The Great Circle of Life sun ATP Photosynthesis Respiration O2O2 glucose sugar CO 2 H2OH2O + + plants animals & plants

Food & water storage plant cells central vacuole contractile vacuole central vacuole animal cells

Major organelles  Nucleus  Ribosomes  Endoplasmic reticulum  Golgi apparatus  Vacuoles & vesicles  Lysosome  Mitochondria  Chloroplast

Any Questions??