Chemistry of Life

Inorganic molecules: Are not made of both C AND H Organic Molecules: Contain C AND H; may have other elements - hydrocarbons: organic molecules that have ONLY C and H

Compounds of the Cell: Minerals Water Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

WATER:  Body is % on average Functions of water:  Solvent  Medium  Moistens Surfaces  Temperature Regulation  Cushion  Transportation  Hydrolysis  Sense Organs  Lubrication

Minerals Main Functions: - help maintain fluid balance - act as a pH buffer - aid in structure of cells and body - allow nervous system to work Examples: Na, Cl, K, P, Ca, Fe

The 4 major compounds in the cell are all types of Macromolecules First we build a smallish organic molecule. Macro = BIG Then we link many of those together building a chain

Single units are called monomers Chain of units is called polymer

Single units are called monomers Chain of units is called polymer

Dehydration synthesis: chemical reaction that joins two or more monomers to form polymers plus a water molecule (Building)

Dehydration synthesis: - Step 1: begin with at least two unlinked monomers OH HO OH HO +

Dehydration synthesis: - Step 2: Remove an H from monomer 1 and an OH from monomer 2 - The H and OH combine to form water O HO OH + HOH = H2O HOH

Dehydration synthesis: - Step 3: connect what is left of the monomers O HO OH + H2O O HO OH+ H2O +

Dehydration synthesis: Final products: 1 Growing chain - (beginnings of a polymer) 1 Water molecule O HO OH + H2O

Hydrolysis: Chemical reaction that uses water to separate polymers into monomers. (Break apart) - Exactly the opposite of Dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis: - Step 1: Start with polymer and 1 water molecule O HO OH + H2O

Hydrolysis: - Step 2: Break water into 1 H and 1 OH - Add the H to one monomer and the OH to the other; O HO OH HHO

Hydrolysis: - Step 3: Split the bond between monomers OHOH HO OH HO

Hydrolysis: - Step 3: Split the bond between monomers OHOH HO OH HO

Hydrolysis: - Final Product: Two unlinked monomers OHOH HO OH HO

CARBOHYDRATES (CHO) “The Sugars” Formulas : Molecular : C 6 H 12 O 6 Straight Chain : Structural :

CARBOHYDRATES Monomer of carbs : monosaccharide - means “one sweet unit” - these are the simple sugars - made of C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

Disaccharides : “ double sugars ”; - two monosaccharides linked together CARBOHYDRATES

Polysaccharides: 3 or more monosaccharides linked together;

CARBOHYDRATES Examples of Carbs: Sugars: glucose, ribose, fructose, sucrose, lactose Starch: Amylose Fiber: Cellulose

CARBOHYDRATES Function of Carbs: 1.Simple FAST Energy for the cell monosaccharides = instant energy polysaccharides = short term storage of energy - Plants use starch - Animals use glycogen

CARBOHYDRATES Function of Carbs 2. Are used for building structures Plants: cellulose is used for cell wall Animals: chitin is used for exoskeleton Chitin and cellulose are polysaccharides

Lipids - Fats No true monomer – can’t make long chains; One type of Lipid molecule is called a Triglyceride and is made of: 1 glycerol molecule + 3 Fatty Acids

Lipids Structure of Triglyceride: - 1 glycerol + 3 FA’s

Lipids

Structure of Lipids: - 1 glycerol + 3 FA’s  Fat

Lipids Building or breaking apart a lipid uses same reactions as carbs: Dehydration synthesis is used to connect each fatty acid (three total) to the glycerol - three water molecules are made Hydrolysis is used to break each fatty acid off of the glycerol - three water molecules are used

Different types of fatty acids

Phospholipid (almost a triglycerid) Polar “head” and nonpolar tail Crucial for forming a membrane!!

Cholesterol (a steroid) Ring structure is characteristic of all steroids including reproductive hormones

Lipids  Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids (including cholesterol)  Do not dissolve in water

Lipids Functions of lipids: 1.Reserve, long term energy storage 2.Structure: plasma membrane of all cells and parts within cells are made of phospholipids; 3.Insulation 4.Produce reproductive hormones

Is Atkins or the South Beach diet really good for you?? Why has society become anti-carb? Dieting: Are fats and “carbs” really evil??

Proteins Monomer: Amino acid Amino end -NH 2 Carboxyl end -COOH Variable R group N H H C H COH O R

Proteins There are 20 different amino acids - all have same amino end, carboxyl end and central carbon - EACH has a different R group Amino acids are made of: C, H, O, N, and S (in R group of some)

Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides Uses the Same chemical reactions N H H C H COH O R N H H C H C O R +

Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides Step 1: remove H and OH N H H C H C OH O R N H H C H C O R +

Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides Step 2: Link rest of monomers together OH N H H C H C O R H N H C H C O R

Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides Product: growing chain + 1 water molecule OH N H H C H C O R H N H C H C O R + New bond; Called peptide bond

Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides To become a “protein” a polypeptide must be folded into a unique 3D shape Only proteins have a “job”. Polypeptides don’t “work” until folded

Examples of proteins and their function 1.Cartilage: builds part of our body; structural protein 2.Hormones: chemical messengers 3.Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions; needed for ALL reactions 4.Antibodies: fight disease

Nucleic Acids Monomer of nucleic acid: nucleotide Nucleotides have three parts:  Sugar: ribose or deoxyribose  Phosphate group: PO 3  Nitrogen Base – one of 5 different kinds

Structure of Nucleic Acids P o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P = Phosphate = H 2 PO 3 Elements of NA: C,H,O,N and P

Nucleic Acids Function of nucleic acids: - “info molecules”; - hold the information on how to make all proteins - Essentially tell your body how to do everything

Nucleic Acids Only two kinds: 1.DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid - “hard drive”of the cell; - holds the directions to make proteins - MASTER copy of all the information

Nucleic Acids Only two kinds: 2.RNA: Ribose Nucleic Acid; - transfers info from DNA to ribosomes (protein factories) - temporary copy of one recipe at a time - “CD/flash drive of the cell”

Differences between RNA and DNA RNA:  Single stranded Helix  Ribose is the sugar in all RNA nucleotides  Choice of nitrogen bases: Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

Differences between RNA and DNA DNA:  Double stranded Helix  Deoxyribose is the sugar in all DNA nucleotides  Choice of nitrogen bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

Structure of Nucleic Acids - Build/broken down using same reactions!! P o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P = Phosphate = H 2 PO 3

o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H H20 o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P P = H 2 PO 3 = HPO 3 - P

o H H H H Base CH 2 H o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P P

Chain forms by connecting the sugar of one NT to the Phosphate of the next Forms Phosphate- sugar backbone o H H H H Base CH 2 H o H OH H H H Base CH 2 H P P