Deterministic Problem Introduction 이 챕터에서 다음과 같은 Inhomogeneous 타입의 Equation 을 다룰것이다 Deterministic Problem 에서 g 에 대한 해 L 은 유일하다 Analysis: L 과 g 가 주어졌을 때.

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Presentation transcript:

Deterministic Problem Introduction 이 챕터에서 다음과 같은 Inhomogeneous 타입의 Equation 을 다룰것이다 Deterministic Problem 에서 g 에 대한 해 L 은 유일하다 Analysis: L 과 g 가 주어졌을 때 f 를 구하는 것 Synthesis: f 와 g 가 주어졌을 때 L 을 구하는 것 Functional Equations  Matrix Equations 으로 바꾸는 방법 (MOM) 에 대 해 살펴볼 것임 살펴볼 순서 1.Deterministic Problem 을 그냥 푼다 2. 적당한 Matrix Equations 으로 바꾼 다음 Matrix Inversion(Gauss Jordan 방법이 널리 쓰임 ) 으로 해를 구한다

Formulation of Problems Solution 의 성질은 Operator 의 성질 에 좌우됨 예를들어 F 가 Real 인 상황에서 Lf 가 Real 이라 면 Operator 도 Real >0 이라면 Operator 는 Positive definite 이다

Method of Moments

를 이용한 Solution N=3 이상부터는 Exact 함

Point Matching

Subsectional Bases Subsection 방법은 실제 문제에서 Approximation 을 하여 문제를 간단하게 만드는 데에 유용  f 의 Domain 의 일부 (Subsection) 에서만 Basis Function 이 쓰임 델타 함수 미분 ?

Subsectional Bases and functional Approximation

Moment solutions using triangles for expansion and pulse for testing

Approximate Operators 복잡한 문제에서는 근사해를 얻기 위해 Operator 를 Approximate 하는 것이 좋다 앞서 살펴봤던 문제를 Finite Difference Approximation 을 이용하여 살펴 본다 0 에서 1 까지의 구간이 N+1 개로 나누어 진다면 ( 끝점은 Xn)

Extended Operators Operator 를 정의 하는 두 요소 : Operation 과 Domain(Space of functions to which the operation may be applied) 에 의해 정의 Extended Operator: Operation 을 적용할 수 있는 범위를 다시 정의 함으로서 Domain 을 넓힌것 ( 단 원래 정의 되었던 영역에서의 Original Operation 은 그대로 ) Extended Operator 를 이용하여 Solution 에 대한 더 많은 함수 (Wider Class of function) 를 사용할 수 있다. 원래의 Operator 가 Self-Adjoint 하다면 Extended Operator 도 Self-Adjoint 하게 하는 것이 바람 직 하다 Extended Operator 는 Multivariable Problem 에서 유용한데 Original Operator 의 영역에 서 Simple Function 을 찾는것이 항상 쉬운 것은 아니기 때문이다 예를 들어 f 를 Expansion 할 때 Pulse Function 을 쓴다면 이기 때문에 원래의 Operator 의 영역에 있지 않게 된다

Pulse Functions 과 Extended Operator 를 이용하여 Moment Methods 를 적용하기 위해 다음과 같은 함수를 정의한다

Extended Operator moment solutions using powers of x for expansion and testing

Variational Interpretation Method of Moments 를 Linear Space 개념에 따라 해석해보자 Pictorial representation of the method of moments in function space

위의 Variation interpretation 은 Testing function 을 고를 때 통찰력을 줌 Wn 의 Combination 은 그린 함수를 approximate 한다.

Perturbation Solutions 풀고자 하는 문제 Perturbed (Problem Under consideration) 정확히 풀리는 문제 Unperturbed (Problem which can be solved exactly) 약간 다를 때 Slightly Different 위와 같은 상황이 있을 때 Unperturbed Problem 의 해를 Moment of Methods 를 위한 Basis 로 하여 풀고자 하는 문제의 해를 얻을 수 있다 (Perturbation Methods 라고 함 ) 해의 형식 : Unperturbed Solution+ Correction Terms

The word adjoint has a number of related meanings. In linear algebra, it refers to the conjugate transpose and is most commonly denoted. The analogous concept applied to an operator instead of a matrix, sometimes also known as the Hermitian conjugate (Griffiths 1987, p. 22), is most commonly denoted using dagger notation (Arfken 1985). The adjoint operator is very common in both Sturm-Liouville theory and quantum mechanics. For example, Dirac (1982, p. 26) denotes the adjoint of the bra vectorconjugate transposematrixdaggerSturm-Liouville theorybra In mathematics, and particularly in functional analysis, a functional is traditionally a map from a vector space to the field underlying the vector space, which is usually the real numbers. In other words, it is a function that takes a vector as its argument or input and returns a scalar. Commonly the vector space is a space of functions, so the functional takes a function as its argument, and so it is sometimes referred to as a function of a function. Its use goes back to the calculus of variations where one searches for a function which minimizes a certain functional. A particularly important application in physics is to search for a state of a system which minimizes the energy functional.mathematicsfunctional analysismapvector spacefieldreal numberscalculus of variations physicsenergy functional Transformations of functions is a somewhat more general concept, see operator. operator