OPEN WATER BY TAGREED AL-TURKI SUBERVISED DR.KADEJA

CONTENT Introduction Three main oceans Extremes Habitats Temperature Surface-water currents Biological features of oceans What is a Shark? What is a Dolphin?

Introduction Water covers 71% of the earth’s surface Oceans––97% Polar ice caps and glaciers––2% Freshwater environments––<1%

Three main oceans Pacific Ocean––the largest Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean

Extremes Ocean structure Littoral zone intertidal zone Neritic zone––Extends from littoral zone to edge of continental shelf Oceanic zone–Extends beyond continental shelf

Habitats Pelagic––Open water of any depth Benthic––Ocean bottom at any depth

Box CrabsSkate Anemones Stars Bat Star

Light Most sunlight80%is absorbed by the top 10 m of water, with most UV and infrared removed in the first few meters Longer wavelengths of light toward the red end of the spectrum are absorbed more readily than shorter wavelengths Very little light reaches below m

Temperature Sunlight warms the ocean surface water less dense than the cooler, deeper water The less dense, warmer water floats on the cooler water thermocline a zone

Surface-water currents Currents are also driven by wind

Biological features of oceans Oceanic food webs

What is a Shark?

Sharks are amazing fish that have been around since long before the dinosaurs existed They live in waters all over the world, in every ocean, Unlike bony fish, sharks have no bones; their skeleton is made of cartilage

Animalia Chordata Vertebrata Chondrichthyes Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Class Shark classification

Fish don't sleep in the same way that we do, but they have active and inactive periods DO SHARKS SLEEP ?

SHARK ATTACKS they arch their back and throw back their head. This places their mouth in a better position for taking a big bite. They also move their tail more acutely

MIGRATION OF SHARKS

There are three different types of sharks when it come to migratory patterns Local sharks these sharks do not migrate, and range only about a hundred miles from their habitat Coastal pelagic sharks - these sharks can migrate over 1,000 miles Highly pelagic sharks - these sharks migrate across oceans

EVOLUTION OF SHARKS Sharks have existed for over 350 million years They evolved over 100 million years before the dinosaurs did Most fossil evidence of early sharks is from fossilized teeth and a few skin impressions

Fossil of shark

Dolphin are aquatic mammals which are closely related to whales and their often friendly appearance Animalia Kingdom ChordataPhylum MammaliaClass CetaceaOrder OdontocetiSuborder

ANATOMY

Evolution Dolphins, along with whales and porpoises, are thought to be descendants of terrestrial mammals

Most dolphins have acute eyesight both in and out of the water Senses hearing is superior to that of humans The dolphin's sense of touch is also well-developed have no sense of smell

Behavior Dolphins are often regarded as one of Earth's most intelligent animals

Dolphins are social, living in pods (also called "schools") Social behavior Dolphins have also been known to protect swimmers from sharks by swimming circles around them

Feeding Fish and squid are the main source of food for most dolphin species come up to the beach to capture sealsseals whack fish with their fluke, stunning them and sometimes sending fish clear out of the water

Human-dolphin relationships Dolphins are used in animal-assisted therapy to help with various psychological and neurological problems such as autism, depression, Down syndromedepressionDown syndrome