Title Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 35 Image Slides

Fig. 35.1a equator North Pole South Pole Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 35.1b Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 23 sun 60 equator equator equator equator 30 Summer solstice Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun, June Vernal equinox Sun aims directly at equator, March Winter solstice Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun, December Autumnal equinox Sun aims directly at equator, September

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a.b. equator 23 sun 60 equator equator equator equator 30 North Pole South Pole Summer solstice Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun, June Vernal equinox Sun aims directly at equator, March Winter solstice Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun, December Autumnal equinox Sun aims directly at equator, September

Fig ° Ascending moist air cools and loses moisture. Descending dry air warms and retains moisture. 30°S 60°S 30°N 60°N westerlies northeast trade winds equatorial doldrums equatorial doldrums southeast trade winds westerlies Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. condensation rain shadow dry air windward sideleeward side moist air

Fig. 35.4a Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. savanna thorn scrub woodland shrubland semidesert grassland temperate deciduous forest taiga tundra Arctic- alpine cold temperate temperate rain forest tropical rain forest tropical seasonal forest Mean Annual Precipitation (cm) desert –15 –10 – warm temperate Mean Annual Temperature (°C)

Fig. 35.4b desert semidesert savanna temperate grassland shrubland tropical rain forest tropical seasonal forest tropical deciduous forest temperate rain forest temperate deciduous forest mountain zone taiga tundra polar ice Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. savanna thorn scrub woodland shrubland semidesert grassland temperate deciduous forest taiga tundra Arctic- alpine cold temperate temperate rain forest tropical rain forest tropical seasonal forest Mean Annual Precipitation (cm) desert –15 –10 – a. desert semidesert savanna temperate grassland shrubland tropical rain forest tropical seasonal forest tropical deciduous forest temperate rain forest temperate deciduous forest mountain zone taiga tundra polar ice b. Mean Annual Temperature (°C) warm temperate

Table 35.1

Fig ice tundra ice Increasing Latitude alpine tundra montane coniferous forest deciduous forest tropical forest temperate deciduous forest coniferous forest Increasing Altitude Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Summer stratification wind epilimnion 24–25°C thermocline 13–18°C hypolimnion 5–8°C

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Summer stratification Fall overturn wind epilimnion 24–25°C thermocline 13–18°C hypolimnion 5–8°C

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Summer stratification Fall overturn wind ice epilimnion 24–25°C thermocline 13–18°C hypolimnion 5–8°C 2–3°C most of lake 4°C Winter stratification

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Summer stratification Fall overturn Spring overturn wind ice epilimnion 24–25°C thermocline 13–18°C hypolimnion 5–8°C 2–3°C most of lake 4°C Winter stratification

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neritic Province Oceanic Province Pelagic Division littoral zone high-tide mark low-tide mark 120 m 1,200 m 3,000 m 4,000 m abyssal plain abyssal zone bathypelagic zone mesopelagic zone epipelagic zone bathyal zone sublittoral zone continental shelf abyssal zone Benthic Division continental slope depth (meters)

Fig Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mesopelagic Zone (120 – 1,200 m) phytoplankton zooplankton sea turtle dolphin shark jellyfish ocean bonito mackerel squid tuna prawn midshipman viperfish hagfish anglerfish glass sponges sea cucumber brittle stars gulper barracuda baleen whale Epipelagic Zone (0 – 120 m) Bathypelagic Zone (1,200 – 3,000 m) Abyssal Zone (3,000 m – bottom) deep-sea shrimp tripod fish sperm whale giant squid lantern fish

Fig. 35Aa Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. La Niña Pacific Ocean Upwelling off the west coast of South America brings cold waters to the surface. Barometric pressure is high over the south- eastern Pacific. Hurricanes occur off the east coast of the United States. Monsoons associated with the Indian Ocean occur. warm water prevailing ocean currents cold water strong trade winds

Fig. 35Ab Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. El Niño Australia equator South America Great ocean warming occurs off the west coast of the Americas. Barometric pressure is low over the south- eastern Pacific. Monsoons associated with the Indian Ocean fail. Hurricanes occur off the west coast of the United States. warm water prevailing ocean currents cold water weak trade winds

Fig. 35A Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. La Niña El Niño Australia equator Pacific Ocean South America Upwelling off the west coast of South America brings cold waters to the surface. Barometric pressure is high over the south- eastern Pacific. Hurricanes occur off the east coast of the United States. Great ocean warming occurs off the west coast of the Americas. Barometric pressure is low over the south- eastern Pacific. Monsoons associated with the Indian Ocean fail. Hurricanes occur off the west coast of the United States. Monsoons associated with the Indian Ocean occur. warm water prevailing ocean currents cold water strong trade winds warm water prevailing ocean currents cold water weak trade winds

Page 737 Increasing Altitude ice tundra ice Increasing Latitude alpine tundra montane coniferous forest deciduous forest tropical forest temperate deciduous forest coniferous forrest Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 738 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neritic Province Oceanic Province Pelagic Division littoral zone high-tide mark low-tide mark 120 m 1,200 m 3,000 m 4,000 m abyssal plain abyssal zone bathypelagic zone mesopelagic zone epipelagic zone bathyal zone sublittoral zone continental shelf abyssal zone continental slope depth (meters) Benthic Division