C HAPTER 22: A SIAN TRANSITIONS IN AN AGE OF GLOBAL CHANGE Mr. Toma AP World History Midwest City High School

T HE A SIAN TRADING WORLD AND THE COMING OF THE E UROPEANS Asian Sea Trading Network can be broken down into three major zones: Arab Zone - glass, carpets, tapestries, horses, slaves, gold, glassware, ivory, forest products, animal hides Indian Zone- cotton textiles, gems, elephants, salt, cinnamon Chinese Zone- spices, silver, paper, porcelain, silk textiles Most trading was done on the coast. Europeans attempted to regulate and dominate the trading system for two reasons: 1) No central control 2) Exchanges were largely peaceful so military force was usually absent from exchanges

T RADING E MPIRE : T HE P ORTUGUESE R ESPONSE TO THE E NCOUNTER AT C ALICUT (M USLIMS ALREADY THERE ) Portuguese took what they could not get through fair trade by force The Portuguese built fortresses on a number of strategic points on the Asian trade network Ormuz Goa Malacca The aim was to establish a Portuguese monopoly over key Asian products.

P ORTUGUESE V ULNERABILITY AND THE R ISE OF THE D UTCH AND E NGLISH T RADING E MPIRES Portuguese did not have the soldiers or ships to maintain monopolies. The Dutch and the British challenged the Portuguese trading empire. The Dutch overtook Malacca and built port of Batavia on island of Java in Dutch trading empire was similar to the Portuguese. Dutch used peaceful means to enter the Asian market.

G OING A SHORE : E UROPEAN T RIBUTE S YSTEMS IN A SIA Asian armies were able to resist European inroads because of the superior numbers of soldiers. In some situations, Europeans were able to penetrate Asian towns and control trade from there. Spanish conquered Luzon (indigenous tribes subjugated) and tried to conquer Mindanao (Muslim rulers, determined to resist Catholics). Spanish imposed tribute regimes similar to those imposed on Native Americans in the New World.

S PREADING THE F AITH : T HE M ISSIONARY E NTERPRISE IN S OUTH AND S OUTHEAST A SIA Portuguese and Spanish tried to convert parts of Asia, but were mostly unsuccessful. India was one of the most promising fields for religious conversion. Franciscan, Dominican, and Jesuit missionaries Initially make headway with low-caste members Ultimate refusal of high-caste groups to give up traditional beliefs Conversion of general population in Asia occurred only in isolated areas. Biggest success for conversion to Christianity occurred in the Philippines.

M ING CHINA : A GLOBAL MISSION REFUSED Ming Dynasty ( ) was founded by Ju Yuanzhang, a military commander of peasant origins. Ju grew up under Mongol rule. Alternated between begging and living in a monastery to survive. 1340’s- Ju left the monastery to join a rebellion against the Mongols. His armies overthrew the Mongols and took back most of China. Zhu declared himself Hongwu emperor in 1368.

A NOTHER S CHOLAR -G ENTRY R EVIVAL Hongwu used the scholar-gentry system to revive Chinese civilization. Examination system was reinstated after Mongols, and made more complex. Exams took several days to complete and were held in two out of three years. Those who passed were eligible to take more exams, given every three years. Test takers competed for degrees and then for positions in the bureaucracy.

R EFORM : H ONGWU ’ S E FFORTS TO R OOT OUT A BUSES IN C OURT P OLITICS Hongwu sought to limit influence of administrators. Abolished the position of chief minister. Public beatings were given to those bureaucrats found guilty of corruption or incompetence. Hongwu declared that the emperor’s wives should only come from humble family origins. Potential rivals were exiled to estates in the provinces

A R ETURN TO S CHOLAR -G ENTRY S OCIAL D OMINANCE Hongwu introduced measures that would improve life for common people. Gentry families enjoyed special benefits. Growing gap between the wealthy and the poor. Women continued to be subordinate to men. Social status of elite women: try to manipulate power Social status of non-elite women: grim.

A N A GE OF G ROWTH : A GRICULTURE, P OPULATION, C OMMERCE, A RTS Population increased during the Ming dynasty and commercialization expanded. New crops were introduced (corn, sweet potatoes, peanuts.) Population: 14th century: 80 million, 1600: 120 million people China had advanced handicraft industries that were in high demand (silk, tea, fine ceramics), and terms of trade were in China’s favor Merchant classes reaped the biggest profits.

A N A GE OF E XPANSION : T HE Z HENG H E E XPEDITIONS Zheng He led seven major overseas expeditions. First four expeditions were to southeastern Asian seas and kingdoms. Last three expeditions were to Persia, southern Arabica and the eastern coast of Africa. Zheng He had 62 ships in his initial fleet with 28,000 crew members. Some ships in his fleets were over 400 feet long.

A RRIVAL OF THE E UROPEANS AND M ING D ECLINE First imperial edict was issued to limit Chinese overseas commerce. Jesuit missionaries targeted the rulers and his chief advisors. Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall (Jesuit scholars) used scientific knowledge and technical skills to convert the elite. Mediocre and incompetent rulers brought down the Ming dynasty. Peasant life declined dramatically. Internal disorder was intensified by foreign invasions. Last Ming emperor= Chongzhen

F ENDING O FF THE W EST : J APAN ’ S R EUNIFICATION By the 16th century, after the daimyo stalemate and recurring civil war, Japan needed to restore unity Nobunaga, a military leader, disposed of the last Ashikaga shoguns He unified much of central Honshu and drove armies against the western daimyo. Toyotomi Hideyoshi continued Nobunaga’s military campaign, rules by Hideyoshi launched attacks on Korea (1592, 1597).

F ENDING OFF THE WEST : J APAN ' S REUNIFICATION Tokugawa Ieyasu did not continue Hideyoshi’s military campaigns but focused on consolidating power at home. 1603: Ieyasu granted the title of shogun and organized the remaining daimyos. Most of the lands in central Honshu were under the control of the Tokugawa family. Now had to pledge alliance to Ieyasu Tokugawas’s victory put an end to the civil wars and brought political unity to Japan.

D EALING WITH THE E UROPEAN C HALLENGE European traders began visiting the islands in increasing numbers since 1543 Traders and missionaries brought firearms, printing presses and other western devices (clocks). Christian missionaries arrived and set off to convert the Japanese to Roman Catholicism; Nobunaga supported missionaries Late 1580’s, with Nubunaga’s death, the missionaries fell out of favor Japanese were concerned with possible European conquest.

J APAN ’ S S ELF -I MPOSED I SOLATION Official measures to restrict foreign activities in Japan. Hideyoshi ordered Christian missionaries to leave Japan. Christianity was banned in 1614 by Ieyasu. In 1616, foreign traders were confined to a few cities. In 1630, all Japanese ships forbidden to trade or sail overseas. By 1640, Deshima was the only island where trade could occur. Mid 17 th century- Japan’s isolation was almost totally complete. 18 th century - School of National Learning