KINGDOM PROTISTA

PROTISTS Eukaryotic cells having a discrete membrane-bound nucleus (see Page 420) Eukaryotic cells having a discrete membrane-bound nucleus (see Page 420) Contain organelles (ribosomes, mitochondria, & lysosomes) Contain organelles (ribosomes, mitochondria, & lysosomes) Most are unicellular and found in fresh or salt water. Most are unicellular and found in fresh or salt water. Incredible biodiversity…occupying almost every niche and habitat. Incredible biodiversity…occupying almost every niche and habitat.

Three Distinct Groups 1. Plant-like Protists 2. Animal-like Protists 3. Fungi-like Protists

Plant-like Protists –Organisms contain chlorophyll (autotrophs) –Can also absorb nutrients during dark times (heterotrophs) –Most plantlike protists reproduce asexually by MITOSIS. EUGLENA

Animal-like Protists Heterotrophs (engulf or absorb food) Heterotrophs (engulf or absorb food) Reproduce asexually by BINARY FISSION or sexually by CONJUGATION Reproduce asexually by BINARY FISSION or sexually by CONJUGATION Occupy a diverse range of moist habitats. Occupy a diverse range of moist habitats. Locomotion: cilia or flagella Locomotion: cilia or flagella Sporozoans and Malaria (see handout) Sporozoans and Malaria (see handout) Amoeba – Feeds by Phagocytosis

The Malarial Parasite's Life Cycle Plasmodium

The Malarial Parasite's Life Cycle

Fungi-like Protists Also referred to as Slime Moulds Also referred to as Slime Moulds Prefer cool, shady, moist places and are usually found under fallen leaves or on rotting logs. Prefer cool, shady, moist places and are usually found under fallen leaves or on rotting logs. Most fungi-like protists reproduce sexually through meiosis and SPORE FORMATION Most fungi-like protists reproduce sexually through meiosis and SPORE FORMATION

The Importance of Protists Provide the critical base to most food webs. Provide the critical base to most food webs. Zooplankton; animal-like protists. Zooplankton; animal-like protists. Phytoplankton; plant-like protists. Phytoplankton; plant-like protists. Eg. Algae - 80% of world’s oxygen Eg. Algae - 80% of world’s oxygen

KINGDOM FUNGI

Kingdom Fungi Common Examples: Moulds, yeasts and mushrooms. Common Examples: Moulds, yeasts and mushrooms. Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Saprobes – absorb their food from decaying matter Saprobes – absorb their food from decaying matter Bodies of most fungi consist of hyphae – threadlike filaments (attached to a substrate) Bodies of most fungi consist of hyphae – threadlike filaments (attached to a substrate) Fungi have cell walls made of chitin Fungi have cell walls made of chitin Hyphae branch, forming a tangled mass called mycelium Hyphae branch, forming a tangled mass called mycelium

Fungi Reproduction Asexually: Fragmentation and Budding Asexually: Fragmentation and Budding Sexually: Spores. Sexually: Spores. Often the only visible portion of the fungi are its reproductive structures. (see spore diagram) Often the only visible portion of the fungi are its reproductive structures. (see spore diagram) SPORES

Reproduction BUDDING YUMMY!!

One Deadly ‘Shroom! Amanita phalloides is the most poisionous of all mushrooms. Amanita phalloides is the most poisionous of all mushrooms. Other mushrooms have hallucinogenic properties (such as the drug psilocybin) important in native religious rituals in Central and South America. Other mushrooms have hallucinogenic properties (such as the drug psilocybin) important in native religious rituals in Central and South America.

KINGDOM PLANTAE

Kingdom Plantae Characteristics: Lack mobility Lack mobility Eukaryotic, multi-cellular, have tissues Eukaryotic, multi-cellular, have tissues Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Cell walls contain cellulose Cell walls contain cellulose May or may not have vascular tissue: tissue that conducts/transports water and nutrients (xylem and phloem) May or may not have vascular tissue: tissue that conducts/transports water and nutrients (xylem and phloem) Plants originated in water and since have been evolving for life on land Plants originated in water and since have been evolving for life on land

Plant Kingdom Non-vascular plantsVascular plants Seedless plants Seed plants Seedless plants Seed plants “naked” seeds enclosed seeds (gymnosperms) (angiosperms)

Asexual Reproduction MITOSIS MITOSIS Runners, cuttings, grafting etc. Runners, cuttings, grafting etc.

Sexual Reproduction ~Alternation of Generations~ Gametophyte generation Haploid = 1 Set (gamete) Sporophyte generation Diploid = 2 sets of chromosomes See Page 435

Similarities and Differences Between Plants and Fungi Similarities: Cells are eukaryotic Cells are eukaryotic Numerous Organelles Numerous Organelles Have cell walls Have cell walls Most anchored in soil or other substrate Most anchored in soil or other substrate Reproduction can be asexual, sexual, or both Reproduction can be asexual, sexual, or both Stationary StationaryDifferences: PLANTS FUNGI PLANTS FUNGI Most are autotrophs Are Heterotrophs Starch is the main storage Have few or no storage molecules Most have roots Have no roots Have cellulose in cell walls Often have chitin in cell walls Some reproduce by seed None reproduce by seed

KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Kingdom Animalia Cell membrane Cell membrane Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Must coordinate their activities Must coordinate their activities –Avoid predators –Grow –Reproduce

Bilateral and Radial Symmetry –Bilateral symmetry: if one half of a shape is the mirror image of the other half. Eg. Humans –Radial symmetry: if shape of one part is repeated a number of times about a central axis. Eg. Starfish

Invertebrates Zoology: study of animal life Zoology: study of animal life Multicellular Multicellular Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Heterotrophs that do not have a notochord (skeletal rod of connective tissue that runs lengthwise along dorsal surface and beneath nerve cord). Heterotrophs that do not have a notochord (skeletal rod of connective tissue that runs lengthwise along dorsal surface and beneath nerve cord). No backbone. No backbone.

Worm – Like Animals Eg. Tapeworms Eg. Tapeworms

Arthropods Jointed appendages Jointed appendages Chitin exterior Chitin exterior Spiders, insects, crustaceans Spiders, insects, crustaceans

Vertebrates – Internal Skeleton Multicellular Multicellular Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Heterotrophs that have a notochord at some stage in their life. Heterotrophs that have a notochord at some stage in their life. Backbone. Backbone. Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals, Fish, Birds. Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals, Fish, Birds.

Animal Reproduction Stations Go from station to station and examine the various specimens. Go from station to station and examine the various specimens. Use your text to fill out the worksheet! Use your text to fill out the worksheet!

Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria Jellyfish Sting!!!

Jellyfish

Sea Anemones

Coral Reefs