Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CHAPTER 2 EARLY SOCIETIES IN SOUTHWEST ASIA AND THE INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS 1
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CIVILIZATION DEFINED Urban Political/military system Social stratification Economic specialization Religion Communications 2
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? 3
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. 4
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. There is a need for order. 5
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. There is a need for order. Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. 6
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. There is a need for order. Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. Economic transactions brings a need for a record-keeping system (writing systems). 7
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO LIVE IN A CITY? You don’t grow food. There is a need for order. Specialized labor means more intricate social structure. Economic transactions brings a need for a record-keeping system (writing systems). Trade 8
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. MESOPOTAMIAN EMPIRES BCE 9
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MESOPOTAMIA Bronze (copper with tin), c BCE Military, agricultural applications Iron, c BCE Cheaper than bronze Wheel, boats, c BCE Shipbuilding increases trade networks 10
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. USES FOR WRITING Trade Astronomy Mathematics Agricultural applications Calculation of time 12-month year 24-hour day, 60-minute hour 11
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE EARLY HEBREWS Patriarchs and Matriarchs from Babylon, c BCE Parallels between early biblical texts, Code of Hammurabi Early settlement of Canaan (Israel), c BCE Biblical text: slavery in Egypt, divine redemption On-going conflict with indigenous populations under King David ( BCE) and Solomon ( BCE) 12
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. MOSES AND MONOTHEISM Hebrews shared polytheistic beliefs of other Mesopotamian civilizations Moses introduces monotheism, belief in single god Denies existence of competing parallel deities Personal god: reward and punishment for conformity with revealed law The Torah (“the teaching”) 13
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. FOREIGN CONQUESTS OF ISRAEL Civil war Northern tribes: Israel Southern: Judah Assyrian conquest, 722 BCE Exiles Israel: ten lost tribes Babylonian conquest, 586 BCE Additional exile of many residents of Judah Returned later than century 14
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. ISRAEL AND PHOENICIA, BCE 15
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE PHOENICIANS City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE Extensive maritime trade Dominated Mediterranean trade, BCE Development of alphabet symbols Simpler alternative to cuneiform Spread of literacy 16
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS Common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, India Implies influence of a single Indo-European people Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine and Russia, BCE Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely 17
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS 18
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. IMPLICATIONS OF INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATION Hittities migrate to central Anatolia, c BCE, later dominate Babylonia Influence on trade Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of Iron Iron Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant Influence on language and culture Aryo, “noble, lord” Aryan, Iranian, Irish Caste system in India 19
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE