Bellringer What do you know about the following topics? Stem cells, genetically modified organisms, gene therapy, cloning Do you think humans have gone too far in terms of “Playing God”?

Test Mistakes Find 4 mistakes you made on the test Answer the question correctly, identify and explain the mistake that you made

… Agenda Objective: To genetic tech topics Agenda: Bellringer: Test Mistakes Notes on Genetic Tech Homework: N/A

Biotechnology The modification of organisms, cells, and their molecules to achieve practical benefits

Biotech issues DNA Fingerprinting Gene Therapy GMOs Cloning Stem Cells

In 1981, Julius Ruffin was sentenced to life in prison for a crime that he did not commit. In 2003, DNA evidence revealed that he was innocent.

Comparing DNA Patterns

DNA fingerprinting Every person is genetically unique, so DNA samples can be used to identify (‘fingerprint’) people

DNA Fingerprinting DNA is unique from person to person DNA is extracted from cells and mixed with enzymes which cut the DNA into fragments these fragments are exposed to electrical current and separated by size to leave a unique pattern

1. Unwinding 2. DNA polymerase joins nucleotides to form new strands

PCR can make billions of copies of DNA The Polymerase Chain Reaction

A C b G A c B

A C b A c B G Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) 4 VNTRs5 VNTRs

A C b A c B 4 VNTRs5 VNTRs Restriction enzymes cut DNA on either side of the region that varies This produces fragments of different sizes …GAATTC… …CTTAAG…

Gel Electrophoresis (running an electric current through a gel) DNA fragments are separated as they move through a gel under the influence of an electric field DNA is negatively charged so it moves towards the positive end Short fragments of DNA move faster and farther

DNA pieces are separated by size using gel electrophoresis

Which suspect was present at the crime scene? A. Suspect #1 B. Suspect #2 C. Suspect #3 D. All of the above. Crime Scene #1#2 #3

DNA Fingerprint ing Pros DNA is unique from person to person but the same from cell to cell in one person Paternity and Maternity Criminal Identification and Forensics Personal Identification Wildlife Management Cons Invasion of privacy (ETHICS)

DNA fingerprinting = CSI

What pair of parents is the soldier the child of?

Who is guilty of killing the victim, and where?

Gene Therapy  A technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development.  A carrier called a vector is used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient. Currently, the most common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA.  Target cells such as the liver or lung cells are infected with the viral vector. The vector then unloads its genetic material containing the therapeutic human gene into the target cell.  The person then uses the gene

Gene Therapy Pros Treatment of a genetic disease for which no treatment is currently available Potential for life-long treatment from a single injection Cons Immune response viruses may target the wrong cells May be inserted into the wrong place in the DNA may lead to the development of a tumor

Bellringer Is your DNA totally unique to you? What is a DNA fingerprint? Some mafia gangster robbed a bank, and then inexplicably left blood and semen everywhere for CSI to analyze. Based on this DNA fingerprint, who dunnit?

3/26/14 Bellringer: DNA Fingerprint Finish Biotechnology Intro Debate and Persuasive Paper

Genetic Engineering: Ethical Issues regarding new technologies

GMOs: Genetically Modified Organisms Introducing new traits into organisms using recombinant DNA technology. There are several methods for introducing genes into plants, including: infecting plant cells with plasmids as vectors carrying the desired gene shooting microscopic pellets containing the gene directly into the cell.

Genetic Engineering Proteins that are made this way: –Insulin for diabetics –Clotting factors for hemophiliacs –Bovine growth hormone

Over half of all food in U.S. contains at least some GM foods Modified for herbicide and pest resistance

GMO Crops Pros Improved Nutritional Quality Pest Resistance Herbicide Resistance Drought Resistance Biopharmaceuticals (getting plants to make pharmaceuticals) Cons endangering native species Monopolization of GMOs unknown health risks "genetically contaminate" wild populations and ecosystems

Taiwan breeds fluorescent green pig The transgenic pigs, commonly used to study human diseases, would help researchers monitor and trace changes of the tissues during the physical development

Cloning Making an exact copy of an organism by using its DNA Insert DNA into an ‘empty’ egg, implant it in a surrogate, and a new offspring/clone is born

Reproductive Cloning Production of a fully-developed individual that is genetically identical to the original Therapeutic Cloning Development of cells or tissues used to treat disease

Cloning The first mammal to be cloned was a sheep Dolly, 1997

Why are scientists interested in cloning? To study development To treat diseases Will someone clone a human? Nearly all scientists think it would be unethical

Cloning Pros organ transplant propagation of animals facing extinction produce skin, cartilages, and bones to save the victims of burns and accidents produce cells to cure cancer, or repair the retina, or the spinal column Cons ETHICS Has not been perfected yet Health risks from mutation of genes Animal clones have had: shorter life expectancy liver failure compromised immune function tumor growth

Bellringer Human Genome Project: The sequencing and locating of all the genes in human DNA What are benefits of this project you can think of? Negatives?

Eukaryotic cell Nucleus Protein Genome – an organism’s complete set of DNA GENOME CHROMOSOME GENE PROTEIN

Insulin RNA polymerase Repressor Cells regulate gene expression, or the types of proteins that are made in that cell: Turned on  protein is made Turned off  protein is not made

During development, cells with the same DNA gradually express different genes Cell differentiation

Stem Cell Research Cells that have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body Can be grown indefinitely in the laboratory Can be used to repair organs/tissues that won’t on their own, since these cells can become any kind of cell

Embryonic Stem Cells Can differentiate into many adult cell types Adult Stem Cells Can differentiate into a few adult cell types

Stem Cell Research Pros Can be used to treat diseases which currently have no cure replacement cells and tissues/organs Cons Come from human embryos or fetuses ETHICS

Is it ethical to harvest embryonic stem cells from the “extra” embryos created during in vitro fertilization? Are these masses of cells a human? Ethical Questions

Stem Cell Research

Genetic Technology Debate & Persuasive Essay First, rank the following issues from MOST INTERESTED to LEAST INTERESTED Gene Therapy GMOs Cloning Stem Cells Hopefully you’ll get one of your top 2 choices

Genetic Technology Debate & Persuasive Essay Each student will be assigned a topic to begin researching. Then each student will be assigned what side of the debate they will be defending. Regardless, you’re researching both sides of the issue which will lead to a well written paper.