Carbohydrates. Introduction: Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in the plant world They are storehouses of chemical energy (glucose,

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Carbohydrat Biochemistry AULANNI’AM BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY.
Advertisements

Biological Molecules ‘what you need to know!’.
Chapter 17: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates. Carbohydrate Linguistics ‘Carbo’ for carbon, ‘hydrate’ for water. Empirical Formula is (CH 2 O) n where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Biological Molecules Carbohydrates. III. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and cellulose A. carbohydrates contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen,
CHAPTER 2 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
1 Chapter 12 Outline 12.1 Monosaccharides - Aldose and ketose -Glyceraldehyde, Stereoisomers (Mirror image = enantiomer), D and L isomers of Glyceraldehyde.
1 Carbohydrates Chapter 27 Hein * Best * Pattison * Arena Colleen Kelley Chemistry Department Pima Community College © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Version.
Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic.
Chapter 5- The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Carbohydrates
CHAPTER 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
Human Physiology- Digestion IB Biology 2009.
L/O/G/O Presented By: Iin Kurniasih (Jica, 14 November 2011) Presented By: Iin Kurniasih (Jica, 14 November 2011) CARBOHYDRAT E.
CARBOHYDRATES.
Carbohydrate – (hydrated carbon) Carbohydrates have empirical formula C x (H 2 O) y. Most abundant carbohydrate is glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6. Two types of.
AP Biology Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules Macromolecules  4 major classes.
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT MOLECULES - Carbohydrates.
Chapter 5: Macromolecules Macromolecules A large molecule in a living organism –Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids Polymer- long molecules built.
Biochemistry Unit.  Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.  The basic unit is called a monosaccharide and includes glucose, fructose,
 All organisms are made of four types of carbon-based molecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids  The molecules have different.
Carbohydrates - Fuel and Building Material Pgs Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel and carbon sources 2.Polysaccharides, the polymers.
AP Biology Chapter 5. Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules.
Carbohydrates. Structure and Function How do we define a carbohydrate? aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups “hydrate” of carbon – C-H 2.
Aim: What is the structure and function of carbohydrates? Homework Reminder:. Do Now: In Regents Chemistry, you learned about aldehydes and ketones. What.
Carbon Compounds The structure of a biomolecule will help determine its properties and functions Organic compounds contain carbon atoms that are covalently.
Regents Biology Carbohydrates Regents Biology Carbohydrates: OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Energy molecules.
MACROMOLECULES. Four Types of Macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids.
Chapter 18: Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates B.3. Introduction most abundant class of biological molecules range from simple sugars (glucose) to complex carbohydrates (starch)
Review Question 1 How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10 monomers long? 9.
Carbohydrates The most common building material on Earth Made of Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen (Most have the ratio 1:2:1 for C:H:O) Used as energy source,
Carbohydrates Introduction
17.5 Properties of Monosaccharides
Macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids.
The individual pieces that make them are called monomers.
Carbohydrates  Aims:  Must be able to state the main forms of Polysaccharides.  Should be able to describe the formation of Polysaccharides.  Could.
Carbohydrates Carbohydrate – (hydrated carbon)
Carbohydrates.  The study of biological molecules is called molecular biology  Closely linked with biochemistry, the study of the chemical reactions.
Carbohydrates.
Organic Chemistry  Organic molecules are considered to be organic for what main reason?  Carbon is the backbone of life. Why?  Hydrocarbons are organic.
1 Aldoses and Ketoses aldo- and keto- prefixes identify the nature of the carbonyl group -ose suffix designates a carbohydrate Number of C’s in the monosaccharide.
Chapter Pg Objective: I can identify and classify several different types of carbohydrates based on their molecular structures.
Macromolecules  “GIANT MOLECULES”  Made up of thousands of single organic molecules known as monomers.  Formed by a process known as polymerization,
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Intro & Carbohydrates.
AP Biology Chapter 5. Macromolecules. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules.
Turn in both BioZone and Bozeman Carbohydrate. Chapter 2.1: Carbohydrates.
Introduction to Carbohydrates of medical importance
Carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids
Carbohydrates.
The Biochemistry of Life
Carbohydrates Simple Sugars.
POLYSACCHARIDES.
Carbohydrates Dr. Gamal Gabr.
LincoLarry Jln High School
Unit 5:the Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Saccharides Packet #9 Chapter #5 11/11/2018 8:46:57 AM.
For Premedical Students
General Animal Biology
Review Question 1 How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 4 monomers long? 3.
Part II: Carbohydrates
For Premedical Students
CHAPTER 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
CHAPTER 5 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
For Premedical Students
Introduction to Carbohydrates of medical importance
General Animal Biology
For Premedical Students
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MACROMOLECULES
Carbohydrates By: Yuleydy Uribe.
Presentation transcript:

Carbohydrates

Introduction: Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in the plant world They are storehouses of chemical energy (glucose, starch, glycogen) They serve as components of supportive structures in plants (cellulose) and connective tissues in animals They are essential components of nucleic acids (D-ribose (RNA) and 2-deoxy-D-ribose (DNA)) serve as cell surface markers for cell-to-cell identification and communication

Formula for carbohydrates: C n (H 2 O) m example: Glucose (blood sugar) C 6 H 12 O 6 or C 6 (H 2 O) 6 Sucrose (table sugar) C 12 H 22 O 11 or C 12 (H 2 O) 11 Once thought to represent “hydrated carbon”. This formula isn’t always applicable, but has become “common” chemical terminology and persists. The majority of carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Therefore the chemistry of carbonyls and hydoxyl groups dominates here.

Monosaccharides Monosaccharides = C n H 2n O n One of the carbons of these compounds is either a ketone or an aldehyde. The suffix -ose is added to a molecule that is a carbohydrate, and prefixes tri-, tert-, and pent- are used to indicate the number of carbons. trioses to octoses are the most common monosaccharides, with the chemistry of pentoses and hexoses dominating. Monosaccharides containing an aldehyde functionality are called aldoses and those that contain a ketone functionality are known as ketoses.

For example, there are only two trioses: Often common names are used exclusively with carbohydrates and are firmly rooted in the literature. This is the case for glyceraldehyde which has the IUPAC name- 2,3-dihydroxypropanal. While okay for a small molecule like this, the IUPAC names become unwieldy for bigger systems and are never found in the biochemical or biological literature. As such, common names will be used throughout this discussion of carbohydrates.

Isomers Molecules with the same chemical formula but with a different arrangement of their atoms are called isomers One distinguishing feature of simple sugars is the spacial arrangement of their atoms Glucose and fructose are isomers

Glyceraldehyde exists as two different isomers (enantiomers). (D)-Glyceraldehyde (L)-Glyceraldehyde Note: Common Amino Acids are “L”; common sugars “D”.

Amino Sugars Amino sugars contain an -NH 2 group in the place of an -OH group. Only three amino sugars are common in nature: D- glucosamine, D-mannosamine, and D-galactosamine. N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, is a component of many polysaccharides, including chitin, the hard shell-like exoskeleton of crustaceans and shellfish.

Physical Properties of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides are generally: Colorless, crystalline solids Soluble in water (good H-bonds between -OH groups and water) Most are sweet to the taste (see relative sweetness table)

The Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharides molecules containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group can cyclize The ring form of glucose is the most common structure for glucose in the cell The common way of representing cyclic structure of monosaccharides is to use the Haworth projection named after Sir Walter N. Haworth. The monosaccharide is represented as a planar hexagon and pentagon, as the case may be, lying perpendicular to the plane of the paper. Groups are attached either above or below the plane of the ring.

When glucose forms a ring structure there is a 50% chance that the hydroxyl on carbon #1 will end up below the plane of the ring If this happens the molecule is called -glucose If the hydroxyl group ends up above the ring it is called -glucose

Glycosidic Linkages Glycosidic linkages are covalent bonds holding monosaccharides to one another they are formed by condensation reactions in which the H atom comes from a hydroxyl group of one sugar and the -OH comes from a hydroxyl group of another sugar

Disaccharides Consist of two monosaccharides linked together Three common disaccharides are: 1)Sucrose (common table sugar) –Glucose + fructose 2) Lactose (milk sugar) –Glucose +galactose 3) Maltose (product of starch digestion) –Glucose+glucose

Polysaccharides Starches Starches are polymers of glucose used for storage in plants Two types are found: 1) Amylose consists of linear unbranched chains of glucose of several hundred units 2) Amylopectin differs from amylose in being highly branched –At approximately every 13 residues a side chain is attached to the #6 carbon –Amylopectin consists of several thousand glucose residues The hydrolysis of starch is done by amylases

Polysaccharides

Glycogen Animal glucose storage molecule Similar to amylopectin except branches tend to be shorter and more frequent The liver and muscle are major depots of glycogen Glycogen in liver cells

Cellulose Cellulose is probably the most abundant organic molecule on earth Constituent of plant cell walls Major structural material from which plants are made Like starch cellulose is a long chain of glucose residues however, its structure is different because of the way that glucose is bonded together Cellulose consists of beta 1-4 linkages which cause glucose monomers to ‘flip- flop’ There are no side chains allowing these long linear molecules to lie close together This results in a series of stiff, elongated fibrils

Oligosaccharides Sugars containing several simple sugars attached to one another (typically three to ten) Example is the blood groups often found as a component of glycoproteins or glycolipids and as such are often used as chemical markers, often for cell recognition glycoproteinsglycolipids example is ABO blood type specificityblood type