Western Settlement and the Missouri Compromise

Reasons for Westward Movement Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands William Henry Harrison in Indiana territory William Henry Harrison in Indiana territory Andrew Jackson in Florida and South Andrew Jackson in Florida and South Economic pressures Economic pressures Northeast Northeast The embargo & the war caused people to move The embargo & the war caused people to move South South Need for new land (tobacco farmers) Need for new land (tobacco farmers) Improved transportation Improved transportation New roads & canals, steamboats & railroads New roads & canals, steamboats & railroads Immigrants Immigrants Europeans attracted to America by speculators Europeans attracted to America by speculators

Western state issues 1. Cheap money—easy money from state banks 2. Cheap land from the government 3. Improved transportation 4. Slavery 1. Southern settlers wanted the spread of slavery 2. Northern settlers had no use for slavery

Missouri Compromise 1819—11 slave states, 11 free states Missouri applied for statehood – Slave territory Tallmadge amendment—Rep. James Tallmadge, NY – Prohibit further introduction of slaves into MO – Children of MO slaves emancipated at 25 – Defeated in Senate by enraged southerners

Missouri Compromise Henry Clay won support for 3 bills – Missouri admitted as slave state – Maine admitted as free state – Remainder of Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30’ no slavery Missouri Compromise would keep balance for 30 years America was torn between sectionalism and nationalism

Foreign Affairs: Great Britain Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)  agreed to limit naval armament on Great Lakes Treaty of 1818  Shared fishing rights off coast of Newfoundland  Joint occupation of Oregon Territory for 10 years  Set northern limits of Louisiana Territory at 49 th parallel

Foreign Affairs: Florida Seminoles, runaway slaves, & white outlaws conducted raids from Florida into U.S. territory President Monroe sent Gen. Andrew Jackson to stop raids (1818) Jackson went beyond his instructions  Destroyed Seminole villages  Hanged Seminole chiefs  Captured Pensacola & drove out Spanish governor

Foreign Affairs: Florida Florida Purchase Treaty (1819) Spain worried U.S. would take Florida by force Made treaty with U.S.  U.S. received Florida & Spanish claims in the Oregon Territory  U.S. agreed to assume $5 million in claims against Spain & give up claims to Texas

The Monroe Doctrine The U.S. & Britain were nervous about the restoration of monarchies in Europe & their interests in the western hemisphere Spain in South America, Russia in Alaska British Foreign Secretary George Channing suggested a joint Anglo- American warning to European powers Pres. Monroe liked the idea but was dissuaded by his Sec. of State John Q. Adams Adams felt it better if the U.S. acted alone

The Monroe Doctrine December 2, 1823 “as a principle in which the rights and interests of the U.S. are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.” From Monroe’s annual message to Congress

Monroe Doctrine Impact –Applauded by American public but soon forgotten –Britain was annoyed that it also applied to them –European monarchs were angry but could do nothing about it –It would become more significant in the future