The French Revolution and Napoleon

France in the 1700’s Most advanced country in Europe Most advanced country in Europe Center of the Enlightenment Center of the Enlightenment Cultural Center Cultural Center Large population> 25 million Large population> 25 million Prosperous foreign trade Prosperous foreign trade BUT……….. BUT………..

Underlying issues Old Regime- 3 Estates Old Regime- 3 Estates $ division between the “haves” and “have-nots”= revolution $ division between the “haves” and “have-nots”= revolution Enlightenment ideas- Equality, Liberty, democracy- American Revolution- “Popular sovereignty” Enlightenment ideas- Equality, Liberty, democracy- American Revolution- “Popular sovereignty” Economic problems: High taxes, debt from wars Economic problems: High taxes, debt from wars Weak leader: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Weak leader: Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Causes-Social Inequality Social Inequality - three estates Social Inequality - three estates Three estates Three estates First Estate (upper clergy) - 1% of population, taxed peasants First Estate (upper clergy) - 1% of population, taxed peasants Second Estate (nobles) - 2-3% of population, paid no taxes, taxed peasants Second Estate (nobles) - 2-3% of population, paid no taxes, taxed peasants Third Estate (Bourgeoisie, peasants, workers) - paid up to 1/2 of income in taxes Third Estate (Bourgeoisie, peasants, workers) - paid up to 1/2 of income in taxes

Estates General First Estate- this was the Roman Catholic Church, whose clergy owned 10% of the land in France. It didn’t have to pay taxes, but about 2% of its income (tithe) went to the government. First Estate- this was the Roman Catholic Church, whose clergy owned 10% of the land in France. It didn’t have to pay taxes, but about 2% of its income (tithe) went to the government. 2 nd Estate- this was made up of rich nobles— who only made up 2% of the population. They own 20% of the land in France and paid no taxes. 2 nd Estate- this was made up of rich nobles— who only made up 2% of the population. They own 20% of the land in France and paid no taxes.

3 rd Estate 3rd Estate- 98% of the population belonged to this group. This was made up of 3 different groups: 3rd Estate- 98% of the population belonged to this group. This was made up of 3 different groups: Bourgeoisie-these were merchants and artisans. They believed in the ideas of the Enlightenment. They paid high taxes and were not allowed the social recognition of the 2 nd estate. Bourgeoisie-these were merchants and artisans. They believed in the ideas of the Enlightenment. They paid high taxes and were not allowed the social recognition of the 2 nd estate. Workers- these were the cooks, servants, and blue collar workers. They were paid low wages and often had to resort to stealing to stay alive Workers- these were the cooks, servants, and blue collar workers. They were paid low wages and often had to resort to stealing to stay alive Peasants-this group made up 80% of the population and this group had over 50% of their income going to pay for taxes. Peasants-this group made up 80% of the population and this group had over 50% of their income going to pay for taxes. This third estate was sick of the status quo and they wanted to change it.

Causes-Ideas Enlightenment Ideas/ American Rev. Enlightenment Ideas/ American Rev. Belief all men should have liberal freedoms Belief all men should have liberal freedoms Right and just to remove unjust gov’t Right and just to remove unjust gov’t Equality for all Equality for all United States Dec. of Independence and Constitution-France helped Colonies win their independence United States Dec. of Independence and Constitution-France helped Colonies win their independence

Causes-Political King Louis XVI King Louis XVI Weak leader Weak leader Preferred personal interests, delegated authority Preferred personal interests, delegated authority Incapable of decisive action Incapable of decisive action Wife- Marie Antoinette-Not well-liked- Austrian- Married Louis 14 years old- Lived luxuriously (diamond necklace affair) Wife- Marie Antoinette-Not well-liked- Austrian- Married Louis 14 years old- Lived luxuriously (diamond necklace affair)

Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette

Causes - Economic Economic Crisis Economic Crisis French economy bankrupt French economy bankrupt Wars, Louis XVI lifestyle Wars, Louis XVI lifestyle Nobles not taxed Nobles not taxed Crop failures Crop failures Debt - 1/2 budget goes to interest Debt - 1/2 budget goes to interest Bourgeoisie begin questioning King Bourgeoisie begin questioning King

The Forces of Change Economic hardship-high taxes, crop failures in the 1780s, which led to the price of bread doubling, and the country was in debt due to the Louis XVI. Economic hardship-high taxes, crop failures in the 1780s, which led to the price of bread doubling, and the country was in debt due to the Louis XVI. A weak leader-Louis XVI could not make decisions and he married a member of the Austrian royal family, Marie Antoinette, who was hated by the public. Marie spent so much money that she was known as Madame Deficit. A weak leader-Louis XVI could not make decisions and he married a member of the Austrian royal family, Marie Antoinette, who was hated by the public. Marie spent so much money that she was known as Madame Deficit. Louis XVI was forced into making changes when his country went bankrupt. Louis thought he could simply tax, but the 2 nd Estate, forced him into calling an Estates General-a representative group-to get approval for taxes. Louis XVI was forced into making changes when his country went bankrupt. Louis thought he could simply tax, but the 2 nd Estate, forced him into calling an Estates General-a representative group-to get approval for taxes.

Revolution Dawns Prior to the Estates-General the delegates from the 1 st and 2 nd Estates had more weight or value to the votes their delegates placed. This led for the 1 st and 2 nd Estate to always outvote the 3 rd estate even though the 3 rd Estate had more delegates. Prior to the Estates-General the delegates from the 1 st and 2 nd Estates had more weight or value to the votes their delegates placed. This led for the 1 st and 2 nd Estate to always outvote the 3 rd estate even though the 3 rd Estate had more delegates. Delegates from the 3 rd Estate wanted to change that though-they believed everyone should have the same value to their vote. Therefore, the 3 rd estate would always out vote the 1 st and 2 nd estates. Delegates from the 3 rd Estate wanted to change that though-they believed everyone should have the same value to their vote. Therefore, the 3 rd estate would always out vote the 1 st and 2 nd estates.

On June 17, 1789 the third estate voted to have a National Assembly. This was the 1 st move toward revolution. On June 17, 1789 the third estate voted to have a National Assembly. This was the 1 st move toward revolution. The 3 rd Estate was immediately locked out of the Estates General and they broke into an indoor tennis court where they agreed to stay until a new constitution was written. The 3 rd Estate was immediately locked out of the Estates General and they broke into an indoor tennis court where they agreed to stay until a new constitution was written. They called their agreement the Tennis Court Oath. They called their agreement the Tennis Court Oath.

Tennis Court Oath National Assembly declared (June 20, 1789) National Assembly declared (June 20, 1789)

The Bastille Louis realized he needed to do something before he lost all of France, so he ordered the clergy and the nobles to join the National Assembly. He also brought in Swiss guards to protect him in Paris. Louis realized he needed to do something before he lost all of France, so he ordered the clergy and the nobles to join the National Assembly. He also brought in Swiss guards to protect him in Paris. People heard about the Swiss guards and they immediately began to gather weapons in order to protect themselves from a possible massacre. On July 14 th an angry group went to the Bastille, a prison, looking for gunpowder. The angry crowd overthrew the kings guards and the people took control of the Bastille. July 14 th is known as a French national holiday. People heard about the Swiss guards and they immediately began to gather weapons in order to protect themselves from a possible massacre. On July 14 th an angry group went to the Bastille, a prison, looking for gunpowder. The angry crowd overthrew the kings guards and the people took control of the Bastille. July 14 th is known as a French national holiday.

Bastille

A Great Fear Sweeps France People began to panic which led to a period called the Great Fear. This period occurred when rebellion spread to the countryside. Peasants began to attack their feudal lords and demand their freedom. People began to panic which led to a period called the Great Fear. This period occurred when rebellion spread to the countryside. Peasants began to attack their feudal lords and demand their freedom. A group of 6,000 women protested the rising cost of bread. “Let them eat cake” A group of 6,000 women protested the rising cost of bread. “Let them eat cake” They lashed out the king and the queen and they demanded they immediately leave Versailles and return to France. This was the last time the king was at Versailles. They lashed out the king and the queen and they demanded they immediately leave Versailles and return to France. This was the last time the king was at Versailles.

Revolution Brings Terror The National Assembly adopted a statement of Revolutionary Ideas— A Declaration on the Rights of Man.—All men are born and remain free and equal in rights. It also included equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion. The National Assembly adopted a statement of Revolutionary Ideas— A Declaration on the Rights of Man.—All men are born and remain free and equal in rights. It also included equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion. Olympe de Gouge wrote—a Declaration on the Rights of Women Olympe de Gouge wrote—a Declaration on the Rights of Women

State Controlled Church The state took cover church lands and said that priests had to be elected by property owners and paid as state officials. The church lost its land and political power. The church land was sold off to pay off debt. The state took cover church lands and said that priests had to be elected by property owners and paid as state officials. The church lost its land and political power. The church land was sold off to pay off debt. This act angered the peasants---why? This act angered the peasants---why? Louis escapes, but is caught Louis escapes, but is caught

Conflicting Goals Cause Division A limited constitutional monarchy was created—the king would still hold executive powers but the assemblymen would make the laws. A limited constitutional monarchy was created—the king would still hold executive powers but the assemblymen would make the laws the National Assembly closed because the constitution was complete and the Legislative Assembly took over the National Assembly closed because the constitution was complete and the Legislative Assembly took over.

3 Divisions of the Legislative Assembly Radicals (Liberals)-They sat on the left side of the hall and were called “left winged” The most extreme of this group were also called Sans- Culottes (those without knee breeches) They wanted extreme changes in the government--- common people should hold the power Radicals (Liberals)-They sat on the left side of the hall and were called “left winged” The most extreme of this group were also called Sans- Culottes (those without knee breeches) They wanted extreme changes in the government--- common people should hold the power Moderates—sat in the middle—wanted some changes, but not as extreme as the radicals. Moderates—sat in the middle—wanted some changes, but not as extreme as the radicals. Conservatives- They sat on the right side of the hall and they liked the limited monarchy. Emigres were the most extreme group within the conservatives. Conservatives- They sat on the right side of the hall and they liked the limited monarchy. Emigres were the most extreme group within the conservatives.

War and Extreme Measures Austria and Prussia demanded that Louis be brought back to the crown. In response the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria. Austria and Prussia demanded that Louis be brought back to the crown. In response the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria. The French were not prepared to fight Austria and Prussia who joined in when war was declared—(why??) The French were not prepared to fight Austria and Prussia who joined in when war was declared—(why??) When the Prussians threatened to destroy Paris if the revolutionaries hurt Louis and his family, Parisians invaded the Royal Palace and Louis and his family were kept in a stone tower. When the Prussians threatened to destroy Paris if the revolutionaries hurt Louis and his family, Parisians invaded the Royal Palace and Louis and his family were kept in a stone tower.

The fighting continues As the war went on the Legislative Assembly decided to get rid of the current constitution which called for a constitutional monarchy and therefore get rid of the king. As the war went on the Legislative Assembly decided to get rid of the current constitution which called for a constitutional monarchy and therefore get rid of the king. The new governing body was the National Convention. The new governing body was the National Convention.

The Jacobins The people in the street had more power than the National Convention and the most radical group was called the Jacobins. The people in the street had more power than the National Convention and the most radical group was called the Jacobins. Jacobins were middle class people who wanted to get rid of the king and create a republic. Jean Paul Marat and George Danton were leaders of the Jacobins and with their influence they was able to get enough support to have France abolish the monarchy and create a republic. Jacobins were middle class people who wanted to get rid of the king and create a republic. Jean Paul Marat and George Danton were leaders of the Jacobins and with their influence they was able to get enough support to have France abolish the monarchy and create a republic.

The death of a king Jacobins tried Louis for treason, found him guilty and sentenced him to death. Louis was killed by the guillotine in front of thousands. Jacobins tried Louis for treason, found him guilty and sentenced him to death. Louis was killed by the guillotine in front of thousands. Jacobins realized they still had a war to fight, so they initiated the draft—women were included in the draft. Jacobins realized they still had a war to fight, so they initiated the draft—women were included in the draft.

Terror Grips France A group developed in France that wanted to create a “republic of virtue”—they wanted to rid France of all of its past nobility and monarchy. A group developed in France that wanted to create a “republic of virtue”—they wanted to rid France of all of its past nobility and monarchy. This group led by Maximillien Robespierre changed the calendar to be more scientific—they divided the calendar into 12 months and 30 days and they closed all churches in Paris. This group led by Maximillien Robespierre changed the calendar to be more scientific—they divided the calendar into 12 months and 30 days and they closed all churches in Paris.

Maximilien Robespierre

Committee of Public Safety (?) Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public Safety, which would get rid of people that were deemed by Robespierre to be enemies of the Republic. People would be tried in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon. Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public Safety, which would get rid of people that were deemed by Robespierre to be enemies of the Republic. People would be tried in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon. July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre ruled France as a dictator and his rule was called the Reign of Terror— the most famous victim was…. July 1793-July 1794 Robespierre ruled France as a dictator and his rule was called the Reign of Terror— the most famous victim was….

Marie Antoinette On her way to the guillotine she said, “Monsieur, I beg your pardon. I did not do it on purpose.” On her way to the guillotine she said, “Monsieur, I beg your pardon. I did not do it on purpose.”

Guillotine

George Danton was also a victim of the Reign. George Danton was also a victim of the Reign. In the end 3,000 were in killed in Paris and some speculate 40,000 were killed in total. In the end 3,000 were in killed in Paris and some speculate 40,000 were killed in total.

End of Terror National Convention turns on Robespierre in 1794 and they put him to death by guillotine…The Reign of Terror ended with his death. National Convention turns on Robespierre in 1794 and they put him to death by guillotine…The Reign of Terror ended with his death Moderates drafted a new constitution which called for 2 house legislature and a 5 member executive branch called the Directory Moderates drafted a new constitution which called for 2 house legislature and a 5 member executive branch called the Directory.

Napoleon Forges an Empire Great military genius Great military genius Took control of France in a coup d’etat Took control of France in a coup d’etat Gains peace agreement w/Britain, Austria and Russia Gains peace agreement w/Britain, Austria and Russia France under Napoleon: France under Napoleon: Fairer taxes Fairer taxes Improved schools Improved schools Napoleonic Code- some restrictions Napoleonic Code- some restrictions

Napoleon Creates Empire Crowned Emperor Crowned Emperor New World Problems Haiti- Defeated by slaves led by Toussaint L’Ouverture New World Problems Haiti- Defeated by slaves led by Toussaint L’Ouverture Sells Louisiana Territory to United States Sells Louisiana Territory to United States Turns attention to Europe-Builds empire Turns attention to Europe-Builds empire Loses Battle of Trafalgar-1805 to British Loses Battle of Trafalgar-1805 to British Only able to control empire from Only able to control empire from

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses Three big Mistakes: Three big Mistakes: Continental system- designed to hurt Great Britain & make Europe more self-sufficient- weakened economy of France Continental system- designed to hurt Great Britain & make Europe more self-sufficient- weakened economy of France Peninsular War- conflict w/ Spain & Portugal- Peninsular War- conflict w/ Spain & Portugal- fuels “nationalism” Invasion of Russia- scorched earth- Decimates Napoleon’s army Invasion of Russia- scorched earth- Decimates Napoleon’s army April Surrenders to Coalition Forces April Surrenders to Coalition Forces

Hundred Days-March-June, 1815 Banished to Elba (1814) Banished to Elba (1814) New King Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother)- becomes unpopular- Napoleon comes back (March 1815) New King Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother)- becomes unpopular- Napoleon comes back (March 1815) Defeated at Waterloo 1815 (Hundred Days ends) Defeated at Waterloo 1815 (Hundred Days ends) Banished to St. Helena’s –dies 1821 Banished to St. Helena’s –dies 1821

Congress of Vienna Lasted 8 months- wanted to create a “Balance of Power” and peace Lasted 8 months- wanted to create a “Balance of Power” and peace Klemens von Metternich-Austria-3 goals: Klemens von Metternich-Austria-3 goals: Limit France’s power Limit France’s power Restore “balance of power” Restore “balance of power” Return monarchs to thrones (Hobbes) Return monarchs to thrones (Hobbes) Established peace for nearly 40 years Some were constitutional monarchies and some Absolute Monarchies (Enlightened) Set the seeds for Nationalistic revolutions to come