Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 3: Cell Structures and their Functions

Cells and Tissues Slide 3.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells are the subunits of all living things  Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life  “All living things are made of cells”  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Anatomy of the Cell Slide 3.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cells are not all the same  Share general structures  Organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

Cell Diversity Slide 3.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 1, 2

Cell Diversity Slide 3.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 3

Cell Diversity Slide 3.19c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 4, 5

Cell Diversity Slide 3.19d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.7; 6, 7

Plasma (Cell) Membrane Slide 3.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Boundary for cell contents  2 Phospholipid layers (“bilayer”)  Hydrophilic heads  Hydrophobic tails  “Fluid mosaic” model

Plasma (Cell) Membrane Slide 3.7a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thin, flexible, elastic  Selectively Permeable (semipermeable)  Other materials in plasma membrane  Protein  Cholesterol  Glycoproteins  Glycolipids

Plasma Membrane Slide 3.7b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.2

Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

Plasma Membrane Specializations Slide 3.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Membrane junctions  Tight junctions  Desmosomes  Gap junctions Figure 3.3

The Nucleus Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b

The Nuclear Membrane Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.1b  Barrier of nucleus  A bi-layered phospholipid membrane  Contains pores

Nucleoli Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  One or more in nucleus  Sites of ribosome production  Ribosomes migrate to the cytoplasm Figure 3.1b

Chromatin Slide 3.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  DNA and protein  Scattered throughout the nucleus  Condenses to form chromosomes Figure 3.1b

Cytoplasm Slide 3.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Cytosol  Fluid that suspends other elements  Organelles  Metabolic machinery of the cell  Inclusions  Non-functioning units

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

Membranous Organelles Slide 3.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Studded with ribosomes  Site where building materials of cellular membrane (proteins) are formed

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.5

Membranous Organelles Slide 3.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ER, con’t…  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum  lacks ribosomes  tubular  Functions in cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism, detoxification

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

Membranous Organelles Slide 3.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins  Produces different types of packages  Secretory vesicles  Cell membrane components  Lysosomes

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.5

Membranous Organelles Slide 3.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Lysosomes  Contain enzymes that digest unusable materials within the cell  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

Membranous Organelles Slide 3.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Change shape continuously  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

Non-membranous Organelles Slide 3.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis  Found at two locations  Free in the cytoplasm  Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

Non-Membranous Organelles Slide 3.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoskeleton  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Provides the cell with an internal framework

Non-Membranous Organelles Slide 3.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cytoskeleton  Three different types  Microfilaments  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules Figure 3.6

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4

Non-Membranous Organelles Slide 3.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Centrioles  Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules  Direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Cellular Projections Slide 3.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Not found in all cells  Used for movement  Cilia moves materials across the cell surface  Flagellum propels the cell

Cytoplasmic Organelles Slide 3.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.4