Hydrogen Fuel for Transportation Deena Patel and Abigail Mechtenberg

Introductory Questions What is the most abundant element in universe? –Hydrogen What percentage of the atoms are hydrogen? –90 % Where is hydrogen found on Earth? –H 2 0 and Hydrocarbons (i.e. fossil fuels) Is hydrogen a source or carrier on Earth –Carrier Where is hydrogen found as a source (not bound to other atoms? –Sun

World has transformed dramatically in one life time – say in the last 80 years UM Engineering Today’s UM Engineering 1917 Shop 1942 Engineering Class

World has transformed dramatically in one life time – say in the last 80 years Model-T 2003 cars with navigation systems

World has transformed dramatically in one life time – say in the last 80 years. Today’s UM Computer Lab 1948 IBM Computer Today’s IBM Computer

Original Gasoline Delivery - Innovative 1901

President Bush Launches the Hydrogen Fuel Initiative "Tonight I am proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles. "With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free. "Join me in this important innovation to make our air significantly cleaner, and our country much less dependent on foreign sources of energy." President George W. Bush 2003 State of the Union Address January 28, 2003

Energy Consumption – 100 Quads

Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode ( ) 2003 Total = mbpd Note: Domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, refinery gain, and other inputs. This is consistent with EIA, MER, Table 3.2. Previous versions of this chart included crude oil and natural gas plant liquids only. Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 24, ORNL-6973, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2005, Preliminary release, December 2004.

Dependence on Oil Imports

GHG Emissions

GHG Emissions by Fuel Type

Approaches to Reducing the Oil Gap Produce More Domestic Oil Use Less – Improve Efficiency (hybrid techology) – Use Alternative Fuels (hydrogen, biofuel) – Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) - Policy

DOE Partners with Industry – FreedomCAR focuses on fuel cell vehicle and hybrid component technologies – Hydrogen Fuel Initiative focuses on hydrogen production, storage, delivery and infrastructure technologies The Goal: Fuel Cell Vehicles in the Showroom and Hydrogen at Fueling Stations by 2020

Hydrogen Pathway. Distributed Generation Transportation Hydro Wind Solar Geothermal Coal Nuclear Biomass Natural Gas Oil With Carbon Sequestration Note: Nuclear Power Plant does not need carbon sequestration

Conventional Vehicle: GV

Hybrid Electric Vehicles: HEV

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle: HFCV Fuel 50 Transmission Losses = 6 Accessories 2 Power to Wheels 16 Efficiency FC: Losses = 26

Entering Market Prediction

Fuel Economy Predictions Assuming PEMs are more efficient

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Inside a Fuel Cell 1.The red Hs represent hydrogen molecules (H2) from a hydrogen storage tank. 2.The orange H+ represents a hydrogen ion after its electron is removed. 3.The yellow e- represents an electron moving through a circuit to do work (like lighting a light bulb or powering a car). 4.The green Os represent an oxygen molecule (O2) from the air. 5.The blue drops at the end are for pure water--the only byproduct of hydrogen power. 2H 2 +O 2  2H 2 O + electrical energy

Proton Exchange Membrane: PEM The proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses a fluorocarbon ion exchange with a polymeric membrane as the electrolyte. The PEM cell appears to be more adaptable to automobile use than the other types of cells. These cells operate at relatively low temperatures and can vary their output to meet shifting power demands. Efficiency is about 40 to 50 percent with outputs generally ranging from 50 to 250 kW

Fuel Cell Demonstration Vehicles 4-5 passengers mph speed mph speed miles range

Performance Power kW, hp Top Speed mphRangemiAccel.0-60Fuel Camry135400Gasoline EV Battery Necar 5 90, (250)Methanol P2000Ford s CompHydrogen FCHV-3Toyota 90, 120 >90190HydrideHybrid HydroGen 1 GM 120, sLiquidHydrogen

Fuel Cell System Fuel CellFuel Cell Fuel Processor (if present)Fuel Processor (if present) Fuel StorageFuel Storage Fuel InfrastructureFuel Infrastructure

Possible System Configurations Methanol Gasoline Direct Methanol FC H 2 -FC Methanol Reformer Gasoline Reformer Compressed Hydrogen Solid Hydride Hydrogen Methanol Tank Gasoline Tank Methanol Tank Methanol

Weight of Sub-Systems Methanol Gasoline Direct Methanol FC H 2 -FC Methanol Reformer Gasoline Reformer Compressed Hydrogen Solid Hydride Hydrogen Methanol Tank Gasoline Tank Methanol Tank Methanol 90 kg 100 kg 52 kg 50 kg 85 kg 100 kg 80 kg

How large of a gas tank do you want? Schlapbach & Züttel, Nature, 15 Nov Volume Comparisons for 4 kg Vehicular H 2 Storage

Minimum Performance Goal Volumetric Energy Density vs Mass Energy Density Ultimate Goal

Storage Issues for Various H 2 Fuels

Hydrogen Safety Photo 3 - Time: 1 min, 0 sec - Hydrogen flow is subsiding, gasoline vehicle engulfed in fire Photo 2 - Time 0 min, 3 seconds - Ignition of both fuels occur. Hydrogen flow rate 2100 SCFM. Gasoline flow rate 680 cc/min. Vehicle with hydrogen tank Vehicle with gasoline tank From: M.R. Swain, Fuel Leak Simulation, University of Miami, Hydrogen Flame Cannot be seen Temperature Flame goes up

Varied Views on Timing “Fuel-cell cars, in contrast [to hybrids], are expected on about the same schedule as NASA’s manned trip to Mars and have about the same level of likelihood.” Scientific American May 2004

Perspectives to Consider Even “in the advanced technology case with a carbon constraint … hydrogen doesn’t penetrate the transportation sector in a major way until after 2035.” Jae Edmonds et al., PNNL, 2/04 Before then, H2 cars likely to increase GHGs. –Zero-CO2 H2 cars avoid CO2 at cost of $700/ton! E.C. Joint Research Center & EUCAR, 1/04

Back to Original Goals In the meantime, we can reduce the oil gap by: Fuel Efficient Vehicles Alternative Fuel Use Reduce VMT (Vehicle Miles Traveled) If we choose to use hydrogen in transportation, then we have to ask where is the hydrogen coming from

Current Worldwide Hydrogen Uses Source: NRC Hydrogen Economy (2004) 42 million tons (US 9 million tons)

Where does H 2 come from? Most H on earth is bound to other atoms –Water: H 2 0 –Fossil Fuels: hydro-carbon chains –Organic matter: biomass Need to input energy to break these bonds in order to isolate the hydrogen. Energy carrier like electricity.

H 2 from H 2 O Electrolysis –Running an electric current through water produces hydrogen and oxygen (reverse of fuel cell). –Dates back to 1800’s –Produces high purity H 2 –Can use any fuel to generate electricity Fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, wind Other ways of splitting water: –Photolysis, biological, thermo-chemical

Renewable Resource Potential

H 2 from fossil fuels Fossil fuels, like oil, are made up of hydrogen and carbon chains.

H 2 from fossil fuels – natural gas Steam reforming of natural gas: CH 4 +H 2 O (1100° C)  CO + 3H 2 Need to purify: CO can poison catalysts Water gas shift reaction: CO +H 2 O  CO 2 + H 2

H 2 from fossil fuels – coal, coke, biomass Gasification to synthetic gas (syn. gas) C +H 2 O (1000° C)  CO + H 2 Followed by water gas shift reaction CO +H 2 O  CO 2 + H 2 CO 2 can be vented or captured (carbon capture).

Current World Hydrogen Production Source: DOE (2003) Current US production: 9 million tons. By 2040 fuel cell cars and light trucks will require 150 million tons of hydrogen (DOE estimate)

Peak Oil Production Source: P. Weisz Phys. Today July 2004

Natural Gas Supplies Source: P. Weisz Phys. Today July 2004

Coal Supplies Source: P. Weisz Phys. Today July 2004

Carbon Capture If fossil fuels are used to generate hydrogen, green house gasses (primarily CO 2 ) can be captured at the production site. Underground storage: geologic formations such as depleted gas and oil reservoirs. –Done in Norway since 1996: 1 million metric tons of CO 2 per year. Economical for large centralized sites

Carbon Capture Potential Current US CO 2 emissions: 6 billion metric tons

Delivered H 2 Cost ($/kg) $2.50/gallon of gasoline Source: LIpman (2004)

GHG Emissions - Hydrogen Fuel Cell Natural Gas Reforming Electrol- ysis Nuclear Solar Biomass Source: LIpman (2004)

Major Air Pollutants – Hydrogen FC Natural Gas Reforming Electrol. Nuclear Solar Biomass Source: LIpman (2004)

Summary Hydrogen is abundant worldwide, but not in an isolated form (H 2 ). Fuel cells convert H 2 to electricity. Currently, Hybrids-GHEV get better efficiencies than Conventional Vehicles-GCV, but Hydrogen-FCV offer higher efficiencies (HEV could run on H 2 ) H 2 can be produced from renewable or nonrenewable sources –Long term goals should include moving towards renewable sources. –Carbon capture to reduce greenhouse pollution from fossil fuel sources.

References/Further Reading National Research Counsel: Hydrogen Economy APS Revised Hydrogen Report, October 2004 G. Crabtree et al. The Hydrogen Economy, Physics Today, December P. Weisz, Basic Choices and Constraints on Long- Term Energy Supplies, Physics Today, July T. Lipman, What Will Power the Hydrogen Economy? Present and Future Sources of Hydrogen Energy.

Thank you. Abigail Mechtenberg and Deena Patel

Current Cost Estimate Hydrogen Fuel Cost Gasoline Fuel Cost