{ World History Chapter 12- The Industrial Revolution Section 2- The Beginnings of Change
How many Hazards/problems can you spot? What is unsafe here?
Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain? Supply of capital; rich in natural resources; growing population. Agricultural revolution gave landowners money to invest, small farmers left home to work in industry. Terms enclosure movement: trend for large landowners to gradually fence & include private & public common lands in their estates. capital: money available to invest in business. entrepreneur: person who undertakes risks to establish a business. factory system: method of production in which goods are made by workers and machines in one location (factory) outside their homes.
Series of inventions and new procedures change economies in Europe & America. 1700s- Landowners in Great Britain enclose fields- farming more productive. Called enclosure system. Parliament (legislative body) passes laws to support system for landowners. Private & common lands fenced off. Small farmers move to town/cities to work in industry, as they are no longer dependent on village lands.
Crop rotation & different types of soil increase farm productivity. Lord Townsend grew turnips to enrich soil. Robert Bakewell bred strong horses for farm work & fatter sheep/cattle (meat). Jethro Tull- invents seed drill to plant in orderly rows. Landowners made money to invest in industries.
What are key elements for industrial success in Great Britain? Capital, natural resources & labor supply 1700s- Landowners with capital invest in labor, machines & raw materials & get wealthy. Commerce and trade increased. Merchants & shopkeepers wealthy. Investing in growing industries increased chance for profit. Parliament encouraged investment- passed laws to help growing businesses.
Great Britain rich in natural resources- harbors, rivers. Water power for industries & transport of raw materials & goods. Iron/coal- steel for machinery. Coal- fuel industry. Nutritious food increased population- many workers England’s population grew from 5 million to 9 million. Farm changes such as steel plow allows some farm workers to work in industry as need fewer farmers.
Who organized & managed the businesses? Entrepreneurs- people in middle/upper classes. Domestic System gives way to Textile Industry. British want cotton cloth. Production expanded. John Kay- “Flying Shuttle” improves loom for weaving- makes more material. Need more yarn for material. James Hargreaves invents “Spinning Jenny” in 1760’s to do this. Historians believe it was named after his wife.
Robert Arkwright- water frame- spinning machine ran on waterpower. Samuel Crompton- spinning mule- combined features of spinning jenny & water frame- thread into muslin cloth. Edmund Cartwright develops power loom for weavers. Need for cotton- Cotton Gin, 1793, Eli Whitney. Separated seeds from cotton more efficiently than by hand.
Water Frame: Spinning Jenny: Spinning Mule:
Factory System Cloth production went from homes to buildings near waterways. Starts factory System. Water powered machines & transportation for raw materials & finished cloth. Factory System needed more power than horses or water provided. Steam power introduced. James Watt designs steam engine. Advantage? Factories could run year round even if water flows slowly or water is frozen. Factories could be built away from waterways.
Increased demand for iron/steel. Kelly & Bessemer develop process to produce inexpensive steel from iron. Transportation improves with roads layered with crushed rock. first modern canal- linked coal fields to the city of Manchester.
Robert Trevithick brought steam-powered travel to land. Steam- powered carriage on wheels. 3 years later- steam locomotive on rails.
Robert Fulton’s steamboat. Railroads & steamboats pave the way for global economy & new investments.
Why is the Industrial Revolution sometimes called the Machine Age? Horrible Histories : Enclosure movement…die roll details “Do you feel lucky P$%k?” IR Inventions: Detail lists with invention listed then listing 2 to 4 EXTFRA specific and cool details ABOUT each invention beneath it. (may do webs or lists as your graphic organizer….