The Cold War 1945-1991 By Ms. Joseph

Cold War Competition and tension between the US and USSR for power and influence in the world without any direct fighting Competitions: Politics – Democracy vs. Communism (Totalitarianism) Economics – Capitalism vs. Communism or Mixed Economy vs. Command Economy Technology Arms Race (weapons & military) Space Race Influence among 3rd World Nations Military Alliances – NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Different Values USA Democracy Freedom Capitalism Individualism USSR Totalitarianism Equality Socialism Collectivism USA rules, USSR drools We are the Best, better than The West

“Weapons” of the Cold War Threat of Nuclear Attack Propaganda Sending Economic and Military Aid to Weaker Nations

YALTA (in the USSR) Date: Feb 1945 Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

Yalta Creation of United Nations Division of Germany into 4 Sectors Russian agree to help defeat Japan in exchange for land Stalin agrees to free elections in occupied territories

POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin

Potsdam Stalin refused free elections, instead installed communist governments in occupied territories. US has the A-bomb and are anxious to restrict Russia Finalize agreement to divide Germany and Berlin Demilitarize Germany Reparations from own war zones

Cold War Foreign Policies US Truman Doctrine Containment Marshall Plan NATO United Nations USSR Soviet Satellites – Iron Curtain Warsaw Pact United Nations

Containment Containment – US Foreign Policy to keep communism within its existing borders Containment became the driving force behind US efforts to stop the spread of communism either directly or indirectly around the world: Greece Turkey Berlin Korea China Vietnam

Truman Doctrine Problem: Communist Rebels in Greece Soviets “bullying” Turkey Truman - USA will help (economic and military aid) any country fighting communism Greece and Turkey, received $400M first and successfully defeated communism

Marshall Plan Marshall Plan - offered huge sums of money to enable the war shattered economies of Europe to rebuild Purpose – to generate economic prosperity in order to avoid the appeal of Communism Catch -$ had to be spent on products made in the US USSR - rejected the Marshall Plan thinking it was a plan to boost the US economy and make countries dependent on US

NATO and Warsaw Pact NATO Warsaw Pact Military Alliance between the US and western Europe An attack against one nation would be considered an attack against all Warsaw Pact Military Alliance between the USSR and Eastern Europe Pledge to defend one another in the event of an attack

Divided Germany Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West. Divided Germany

Berlin Blockade Western Allies attempt to unite the Western Sectors of Germany and Berlin and form an independent West Germany with a common currency West Berlin - democratic and economic success deep within the Communist zone. Berlin Blockade – 1948 Stalin tries to starve the city to force the west out of West Berlin USSR cut off all ground access to Berlin, leaving 2M West Berliners without food, electricity and fuel

Berlin Airlift Purpose – to prevent the takeover of West Berlin by the USSR US sent 2M tons of supplies to West Berlin on Cargo Plans Results: US looks like a hero Success for containment

Communism in China Chinese Civil War Communist – Mao Zedong Support of peasants (majority) Promised land reforms Nationalist- Chiang Kai-shek Refused to fix countries problems US sends $3B in aid to help Nationalists

Chinese Civil War Results: Chiang Kai-shek fled to Formosa establishes the Republic of China Allies with US Mao Zedong established the Peoples Republic of China Allies with USSR Loss for Containment

Korea 1945 Post WWII North and South Korea Divided at the 38 Parallel North Korea occupied by USSR South Korea occupied by US Plan to create an independent, unified Korea North and South Korea Divided at the 38 Parallel

Korean War June 1950 - 90,000 N. Korea (Communist)Troops invade S. Korea June 1950 - Truman orders Naval & Air Force to Korea without formal declaration of war & UN Security Council approves military aid to South Korea North Korea South Korea

Korean War North Korea/Chinese Troops cross 38 Parallel North Korea MacArthur North Korea South Korea/UN Troops Cornered at Pusan North Korea/Chinese Troops cross 38 Parallel South Korea/UN Troops *MacArthur Fired for insubordination North Korea pined at Chinese Border South Korea/UN Troops *Truman wants LIMITED WAR

Korean War Results: Stalemate at 38th Parallel Successful Containment of Communism North Korea – Communist South Korea – Democracy Truman expanded the Power of the Presidency by sending troops without a formal declaration of war Congress doubled spending on the arms race North Korea South Korea/UN Troops