LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July The Role of Adult Lifelong Learning in Preventing Social Exclusion Anna Rita Manca and Cynthia Villalba European Commission-Joint Research Centre Centre for Research on Lifelong Learning (CRELL) 6 th June 2010 LLAKES International Conference University of London

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July “The capacity of society to ensure the well- being of all its members, minimizing disparities and avoiding marginalization” Council of Europe ( The Project on Social Cohesion

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Social cohesion involves inclusion/exclusion, the latter of which ‘straddle’ other concepts such as deprivation, class, and poverty Omtzigt (2009:7). Omtzigt reviews the multiple definitions of social inclusion/exclusion and their operationalization, arriving at Walker and Walker (1997:8): Social exclusion is the “dynamic process of being shut out…from any of the social, economic, political and cultural systems which determine the social integration of a person in society”. Overarching Concepts

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July  Employability: learning to gain and maintain employment and occupational mobility The Role of LLL Education and in particular, lifelong learning, are widely thought to facilitate social inclusion and cohesion via:  Social engagement and participation: learning about society, acquiring social and civic skills, knowledge and culture

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July The Role of LLL A Memorandum on Lifelong Learning (SEC 2000) stresses as much, that the aims of LLL are “promoting active citizenship and promoting employability” - but this marked a shift away from the economistic LLL ideology in EU policy strategy in the 1980s (Rubenson 2002). There is an emphasis on individual responsibility for learning.

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July The Role of LLL A broad approach to learning throughout the lifespan, in different settings, lifelong learning: " encompasses all purposeful learning activity, whether formal or informal, undertaken on an ongoing basis with the aim of improving knowledge, skills and competence" (SEC 2000) LLL for all is conditional upon “a society where people are encouraged to think, act, and be engaged.” (Rubenson 2002: 247)

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Research on LLL provides us with clues on… “The long arm of the family ” (home)  Parental background  Initial educational attainment “The long arm of the job”  Employment status and occupation type  Employer characteristics (firm size and type, etc.) Previous Research

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July “ The long arm of the job ”  Highly skilled workers are more likely to engage in learning (OECD 2005)  Employers sponsor most adult learning activity, especially firms with more than 250 employees (OECD, 2005 referring to CVTS survey)  Learning is often work-related but “lack of time” due to work (or family) is barrier (OECD 2005 referring to CEDEFOP survey) Previous Research

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Previous Research Low-skilled and temporary workers seek adult learning but find supply is limited (OECD 2005) In some countries the unemployed and those not seeking work in the labour market participate more (OECD 2005 referring to LFS) but the employed engage more on average in adult LLL

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Other key individual socio-demographic determinants/factors influencing participation: Age (participation declines with age) (Biagetti, et al 2009; Eurostat 2009, etc.) Gender (diverse findings) Place of residence (urbanisation) (Eurostat 2009 – referring to AES) Previous Research

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July  What are the main characteristics of those adults who engage (or do not engage) in learning/study activity in Europe?  To what extent do living conditions influence adult participation in further study activities? Guiding Questions

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Methodological Aspects The Model: Fixed effects Logistic Model Dependent variable: Engagement in study in the previous year (yes=1) Explanatory variables: Gender Age Education level Parental education background ISCO Level of Urbanisation Role of Unemployment Material conditions of housing Ability to overcome economic obstacles Poverty indicator Durable goods

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Secondary Data Source – EU-SILC EU-SILC (Eurostat) cross-sectional (2005). Reference year 2004/2005. Data from 15 countries included in the present models: Austria Spain Belgium Finland Cyprus France Czech Republic Greece Germany Hungary Denmark Ireland Estonia Iceland Italy

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July The more educated, the more participation in LLL The more they are able to overcome economic obstacles, the more they participate in LLL People at risk of poverty are more likely to participate Durable goods play a role in the decision of performing LLL People outside the LM are more likely to participate

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Key Findings Individual socio-demographic characteristics: Findings in the literature confirmed – age, previous education level, parental education (social background) and occupation significant factors… …but the picture is complex

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Key Findings Full model presents challenges for interpretation: Although ‘at risk of poverty’ is significant, those who are out of the LM, who do not have the capacity to eat meat to afford durable goods and cannot make ends meet still can afford a one week holiday and face unexpected expenses… Living conditions among these groups are not extreme, but they face some difficulties relative to others.

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Findings – Age and Occupation Age – Across the age cohorts living conditions and standards ‘improve’ though we can characterize this in different ways as they have different types of challenges Occupation and age groups (skills level, ISCO) for youngest is significant (+)  more skilled, more participation and up (-)  less skilled… is positive again 45 and up, not significant. For lower secondary (ISCED 2) it is negative and for upper (ISCED 3), not significant

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Key Findings The relatively younger the more important the variables are for LLL. ‘Out of the labour market’ is more decisive for older groups, i.e., has more of an impact on participation in study. Role of employment - Education level plays major role in respect to employment status: Low education groups out of the LM are more likely to participate. Higher education groups in the LM have an increased probability of participating.

LLAKES International Conference – London 5-6 July Conclusions – Further Research Is ‘lifelong learning’ – participation in any kind of study – a means for preventing (own and others’) social exclusion and promoting (own and others’) well-being? Do people participate despite or because of their living conditions?