Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 12 DNA Organization in Chromosomes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 12 DNA Organization in Chromosomes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Single nucleic acid molecule No proteins DNA or RNA Single or double stranded Circular or linear Packed into a small volume Viral Genetic Material

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Single nucleic acid molecule Some proteins Always double stranded DNA Large, circular chromosome Packed into a small volume (nucleoid region) Bacterial Genetic Material

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 12.1

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.3

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.4 Supercoiling

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Polytene chromosomes Lamp brush chromosomes Specialized Eukaryotic Chromosome Organizations

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.5 Polytene

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.6 Polytene

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.7 Lamp Brush

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Only visible during mitosis Easier to move DNA around Normally uncoiled and dispersed Chromatin Available for genetic activity Eukaryotic Chromosomes

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. DNA has a substantial amount of associated proteins Histones Non-histones Chromatin

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 12.2

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.8

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.9

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Highly folded DNA presents a problem – genes are inaccessible High resolution images showed how chromatin could be remodeled Histone tails Remodeling Acetylations Methylation Phosphorylation Chromatin Remodeling

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.10

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Euchromatin Light staining Active genes Uncoiled during interphase Heterochromatin Heavy staining No (few) active genes Tightly packed during interphase Euchromatin vs Heterochromatin

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Enabled further characterization of chromosomes (previously only size) C – banding Centromeres stain darkly G – banding Digest with trypsin before staining Banding Patterns

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure C – Banding

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure G – Banding

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure X chromosome banding pattern

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Satellite DNA Centromeric sequences Telomeric sequences Middle (moderate) repetitive DNA VNTRs STRs Transposable sequences Pseudogenes Repetitive Sequences

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Satellite DNA

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Satellite DNA

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Centromeric Sequences