Digestion and Nutrition

Ruminant digestive system Mouth- bites and chews food Rumen- large part of ruminant’s stomach where bacteria change large amounts of roughages into amino acids

Ruminant digestive system Reticulum- the part of the ruminant stomach where liquids go Omasum- grinds and squeezes feed and removes 60-70% of the liquid

Ruminant digestive system Abomasum- true stomach where liquids go Small intestine- partially digested feed is mixed with bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice. Most food nutrients are absorbed from the villi in the small intestine

Ruminant digestive system Large intestine- main function is to absorb water and to add mucus to the undigested feed, which is feces Esophagus- connects the mouth to the stomach A ruminant has a 4 part stomach, but the rumen and reticulum take up about 85% of the capacity

Non-ruminant digestive system Mouth Esophagus Stomach- enzymes act on feed, churns and mixes feed Small intestine

Non-ruminant digestive system Liver- produces bile that acts on fats Large intestine Anus- end of tract Non-ruminants cannot eat and digest as much roughage as ruminants

Poultry digestive system Mouth- pecks because poultry have NO teeth Esophagus- connects mouth to crop Crop- stores feed

Poultry digestive system Gizzard- crushes and mixes feed with digestive juices, usually contains grit and gravel to assist in crushing feed particles Liver

Poultry digestive system Small intestine- mixes juices and most food nutrient absorption occurs Large intestine Vent- anus where both solid wastes (feces) and liquid wastes (urine) pass out of the body

Groups of nutrients Carbohydrates- main energy nutrients Made up of sugars, starches, cellulose, and lignin Found in the greatest quantities in livestock feed Chemically composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Groups of nutrients Fats and oils times the energy value of carbohydrates At body temperature, fats are solids and oils are liquid They carry the fat-soluble vitamins Extra carbohydrates are stored as fat Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Groups of nutrients Proteins- organic compounds made up of amino acids Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and sometimes sulfur, phosphorus, and/or iron

Groups of nutrients Vitamins- trace organic compounds All contain carbon Minerals- inorganic materials or compounds needed in small amounts, no carbon

Group of nutrients Water- makes up 40-80% of an animal’s body

Functions of nutrients Carbohydrates- provide energy Fats and oils- furnish 2.25 times the energy value of carbs and carry fat soluble vitamins Proteins- supply material to build body tissues such as muscles, skin and hair

Functions of nutrients Vitamins- help regulate many body functions and are designated by letters: A, B, C, D, E, K Minerals: provide material for growth of bones, teeth and body tissue and regulates many of the vital chemical body processes

Functions of nutrients Water- helps dissolve other nutrients and carry them to different parts of the body

Sources of nutrients Carbohydrates: cereal grains such as corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, and sorghum Fats and Oils: grains and protein concentrates

Sources of nutrients Proteins: plant sources include soybean meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa meal, and animal sources include meat meal, fish meal, dried milk and synthetic nitrogen source of urea

Sources of nutrients Vitamins and Minerals: most feed ingredients, pre-mixes are added to feed Water: usually supplied separated from other nutrients, liquid form

Specific feed sources Carbohydrates: corn is most commonly used in US Fats and oils: regular feed ingredients Proteins: animal sources: fish meal, meat meal plant sources: soybean meal, cottonseed meal

Specific feed sources Vitamins and minerals: pre-mix Water: plumbing, ponds, streams For ruminants, alfalfa hay provides some energy and high fiber. Molasses can be added to improve taste (palatability) and reduce feed dust

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