Vegetable Crops–PLSC 451/551 Lesson 23 – Sweet Corn, Misc. Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID 83210 Phone: 397-4181.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Introduction to Plant Breeding The field of applied science that involves changing of the genetic content (genotype) for plant improvement. Methods :-
Advertisements

What’s in a Grain?.
Popcorn and Ornamental Corn Key points Popcorn characteristics Growing popcorn Harvesting & shelling Popping Ornamental corn Problems.
Corn Spanish term- maize. The plant A leafy stalk that produces ears which contain the grain.
A Harris Seeds Presentation Dick Chamberlin President Mark Willis Vegetable Product Manager.
Grains (& Cereals) (and Nuts and Seeds) VRQ2 Theory Unit 712 UPK 712.
Crops in Agriculture Corrin Breeding Plant and Soil Computers in Agriculture.
MAIZE (Zea mays L.) To, Dr Saba Tabasum By IMRAN JAFFAR MSc (Hons.) 2 rd semester DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING & GENETICS.
Unit 3: Corn Insect Diseases.  European Corn Borer & Southwestern Corn Borer  Can cause 3% yield loss/corn borer/plant  Sweet corn 8%  Bore  Stalks.
Rye Grass Ag Education II Rye Grass What do you know about rye grass? How many kinds of rye grass are there? Where is it grown? Why is rye grass important?
Tanaman Makanan Food Crops AGR3502. Corn = Maize Zea mays family:Poaceae.
Poaceae (Gramineae) Organic Seed Spring Poaceae §One of most important from human food §500 genera and 8,000 species.
Grain Crops Topic #2085 Josh Miller.
Usefulness of evolutionary science. Corn There are many varieties with different uses.
Lesson 4 Growing Sorghum.
Ch. 21 ~ Baking Section 1 Ingredients & Techniques
Thursday Lecture – Corn
FAMILY POACEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Cereals and Grasses (25% of vegetation) 600 genera and 8,500 species Wheat (Triticum vulgare) Rice (Oryza sativa) Barley.
Agriculture Unit Where does my cereal grow? Wheat History Cultivated and used for human food for thousands of years Has been grown in Egypt since about.
CHAPTER 4:. What is a cereal? (definition) The term ‘cereal’ describes any cultivated grass that produces an edible grain. In many countries a type of.
Fruit & Vegetable Production Unit for Plant Science Core Curriculum
Corn.
INGREDIENTS AND TECHNIQUES
Photos courtesy UCD vegetable RIC Vegetables. 1. What are warm season and cool season vegetables? 2. What are the major vegetable crops grown in your.
Corn Facts Created by Karen Bazan 2 nd grade teacher.
Environmental Science Chapter 15 Section 1
Animal, Plant & Soil Science E6-1 Corn Production
Corn as a Fuel Is it the best alternative to fossil fuels or just the first step of independence?
Vegetable Crops –PLSC 451/551 Lecture 11, Irish or White Potato Instructor: Dr. Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID
In early human history, where did people get their food? They were limited to gathering food that nature produced.
what are grains? kernels from plants belonging to the grass family common grains in North America: wheat, corn, rice, oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, millet.
Grain Products Chapter 30
FROM FARM TO TABLE: SEEDS OF SUCCESSFUL MARKETING Rice Soybeans Corn Wheat.
EFarmer.us Baby Corn Production, Market, and Expected Return December 2008 copyright eStudy.us 2008
FOOD: IMPROVING THE SITUATION. Staple Foods: Rice, Wheat and Corn. Rice main staple food for half of the world – Asia needs lots of water – actually grown.
Seeds and Beans. Blackeye beans or Cowpeas Cranberry bean.
 I. Corn is one of the most valuable cereal grain (a seed of the cereal grain plant) crops grown in the United States and the world. There are six common.
Talbot County Small Farm Class Laura Hunsberger University of Maryland Cooperative Extension, Worcester County Crop Production.
Virtual Academy for the Semi Arid Tropics Course on Insect Pests of Groundnut Module 1: About Sorghum At the end of this lesson, you have learned to answer.
Intensive subsistence
Plants in Human Culture Learning Target: Primary Plant Food Groups
Grains. What Are Grains? Grains are plants in the grass family. Seeds or kernels of these plants are harvested and processed for food.
Corn Single most important crop in the US 20% of all crop land is planted in corn Corn belt –Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, Indiana, and Ohio The.
At the end of this Lesson, you have learned to answer: 1.How pearl millet is a better crop than other cereal crops like maize, wheat, etc.? 2.How many.
Food. Human nutritional needs Vitamin A : –Too little: increases susceptibility to infection and blindness –Leafy green vegetables; orange fruits –100+
After successful completion of this Lesson, you have learned to answer: 1.How pearl millet is a better crop than other cereal crops like maize, wheat,
Group 10.  Grasses and grass-like plants  Forbaceous plants  Weeds  Browse  Leaves and twigs of woody plants  Fruits of woody plants.
Unit #10 Grain Products.
Farming Around the World. Do farms vary throughout the world?
Unit 41 Favorite Garden Vegetables and Herbs. Vegetable plants need various methods of proper preventive care and overall maintenance Only a few introduced.
Corn Industry An Overview of the Corn Industry in Georgia Georgia Agricultural Education Curriculum Office Dr. Frank Flanders and Adrienne Gentry August.
Grains Grains were some of the first crops ever developed. They were important for 2 reasons –1) Grain is high in energy! –2) Grain can be stored for a.
Farming Around the World. Do farms vary throughout the world?
 Bring in a variety of products made with corn. This can include (but is not limited to) corn tortillas, corn flakes, corn oil, canned corn, corn chips.
Corn: A Golden Nugget. Field CornSweet CornPopcornFlour CornFlint Corn Different corn varieties are grown to meet various food and production needs. Corn.
Agricultural Revolutions
CORN: The aMAIZEing Grain!
Apple Grape Strawberry Orange
Corn: A Golden Nugget.
In early human history, where did people get their food?
New Jersey Agricultural Society’s Learning Through Gardening
Agricultural History.
By: Gerrold Austin, Chemberli McClenton, Ife Diallo, & Shonn McCloud
Where does it come from and what is it made of?
Staple Foods& World Cuisines
Grains of the World By.
Starches.
MAIZE (Zea mays) PRODUCTION
Grains Chapter30.
Kansas Corn: C is for Corn
Presentation transcript:

Vegetable Crops–PLSC 451/551 Lesson 23 – Sweet Corn, Misc. Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax:

Why can’t you tell secrets in a corn field?

Too many ears.

Sweet corn

Sweet Corn Taxonomy Group: Monocotyledonae Family: Poaceae (Graminaceae) Genus and species: Zea mays Related species: teosinte, sorghum, wheat and other small grains, grasses

Sweet Corn Origin and Domestication Corn originated in Mexico Possibly derived from teosinte Used as early as 5000 BC Sweet corn is a recent crop, 8 th century in Guatemala Sweet corn results from the su1 mutation Modern varieties derived from India

Teosinte

Corn landraces

Sweet Corn Importance of Corn General corn information One of the major grains for human nutrition – one of four most important crops The major cereal crop used for stock feed Produced throughout the world Largest producers are U.S., China, Brazil, Russia, Mexico, Argentina, Romania

Sweet Corn Importance of Corn Sweet corn Production dominated by the U.S. where development of this crop began among the Iroquois (>500,000 A) Considerable production in Europe Important source of calories, vitamin A, minerals, lipids, and protein

Sweet Corn Botany Annual Monoecious Male flower a loose terminal panicle Female flowers on an axillary rachis Pistillate “silks”

Male corn flower

Female corn flower

Xenia

Sweet Corn Types of corn Dent – field corn, most widely grown type, used for dry cereal food and industrial purposes Flint – field corn, smooth hard kernels with little soft starch, grown in Europe and SA Popcorn – extreme form of flint corn, consumed fresh as popped corn Flour – large kernels with soft starch, native use Sweet – low in starch, high in sugars Waxy – kernels lack amylose, used for starch

Sweet Corn Types of corn Dent – field corn, most widely grown type, used for dry cereal food and industrial purposes Flint – field corn, smooth hard kernels with little soft starch, grown in Europe and SA Popcorn – extreme form of flint corn, consumed fresh as popped corn Flour – large kernels with soft starch, native use Sweet – low in starch, high in sugars Waxy – kernels lack amylose, used for starch

Sweet Corn Types of corn Dent – field corn, most widely grown type, used for dry cereal food and industrial purposes Flint – field corn, smooth hard kernels with little soft starch, grown in Europe and SA Popcorn – extreme form of flint corn, consumed fresh as popped corn Flour – large kernels with soft starch, native use Sweet – low in starch, high in sugars Waxy – kernels lack amylose, used for starch

Sweet Corn Types of corn Dent – field corn, most widely grown type, used for dry cereal food and industrial purposes Flint – field corn, smooth hard kernels with little soft starch, grown in Europe and SA Popcorn – extreme form of flint corn, consumed fresh as popped corn Flour – large kernels with soft starch, native use Sweet – low in starch, high in sugars Waxy – kernels lack amylose, used for starch

Sweet Corn Types of corn Dent – field corn, most widely grown type, used for dry cereal food and industrial purposes Flint – field corn, smooth hard kernels with little soft starch, grown in Europe and SA Popcorn – extreme form of flint corn, consumed fresh as popped corn Flour – large kernels with soft starch, native use Sweet – low in starch, high in sugars Waxy – kernels lack amylose, used for starch

Sweet Corn Types of corn Dent – field corn, most widely grown type, used for dry cereal food and industrial purposes Flint – field corn, smooth hard kernels with little soft starch, grown in Europe and SA Popcorn – extreme form of flint corn, consumed fresh as popped corn Flour – large kernels with soft starch, native use Sweet – low in starch, high in sugars Waxy – kernels lack amylose, used for starch

Sweet Corn Corn Characterization and Genetics Sweet corn differs from field corn by 1 or more genes su (sugary) allele on chromosome 4 increases WSP, phytoglycogen se (sugary enhancer) allele on chromosome 4 enhances sugar level in comb with su sh2 (shrunken 2) allele on chromosome 3 blocks starch synthesis (4-8x sugars)

Mode of action – sh2 gene in corn

Sweet Corn Secondary effects of the sh2 gene Tough pericarp Minimal starch reserves Very shrunken, mummified seed Slow and weak emergence following planting More susceptible to seedling diseases

Sweet Corn Corn Characterization and Genetics Endosperm is the nutritious part of the kernel Endosperm originates from pollination event Endosperm has genotype of pollinator and egg producer Sweet corn must be isolated during production

Sticky Corn Also known as “waxy maize” Found in China in 1909 Led to confusion regarding corn center of origin Due to a single recessive mutation Kernal produce only amylopectin, no amylose Important source of industrial starch during WWII

Sticky Corn Importance and use Common usage in Asia, Philippines, parts of SA Cooked and used much the same way as sweet corn (boiled, steamed, or baked on the cob) Has a very adhesive, sticky texture, less sweet Grown agronomically for specialty starch production

Sweet Corn Climate and soils Warm season, tender crop Can withstand only light frost at emergence Requires 55 degrees for germination Tolerates most soil types Requires season-long water availability

Sweet Corn Seed Production Requires: Interplanting of inbred parents Topping female parental line Isolation from other corn plants (1/8 mi)

Sweet Corn Seed Production Requires: Interplanting of inbred parents Topping female parental line Isolation from other corn plants (1/8 mi)

Sweet Corn Stand Establishment Isolate classes of sweet corn 600 ft from other types or Isolate by pollination time heat units Planting date scheduled using 3 methods Days to harvest Heat units Plant growth

Sweet Corn Modern-Intensive Production Mostly employed for processing corn, some fresh Exclusive use of hybrid varieties Production entirely automated except for harvest of fresh corn

Sweet Corn Modern-Intensive Production High inputs: Irrigation water Fertilizers – high use of N Insecticides – control of European corn borer, corn earworm, wireworm

Sweet Corn Garden Market Production Production of corn for local fresh markets Exclusive use of hybrid varieties in developed countries Land race and open-pollinated varieties common in undeveloped countries Strong ethnic preferences in local markets

Sweet Corn Organic Production Ease depends on location Requires intensive management of soil fertility Insect management requires constant scouting and use of approved insecticidal products (wireworms must be avoided)

Sweet Corn Subsistence Production Practiced worldwide, including modern countries Production for grain and vegetable use Exclusive us of land race and open-pollinated varieties Production with little or no automation except possibly ground preparation

Sweet Corn Subsistence Production Beginning to employ GMO insect resistance Commonly used in intercropping systems provides support for vertical systems Habitat management strategies (trap crops, intercrops, refuges) important for controlling insects, parasitic striga weed Water management a serious issue

Head smut

Sweet Corn Harvest Harvest indices Dried silks Tight husk appearance Kernels nearing full color, firm Processing indices % solids, % alcohol insoluble solids, % WSP, pericarp test, trimetric test (moisture, pericarp, size)

Sweet Corn Prediction of Harvest Date Three methods used: 1. Physiological development 2. Published “Days to harvest” 3. Corn heat units See Ontario publication

Sweet Corn Handling and Storage Hydrocooled or room cooled to <50 degrees Handled and shipped at 32 degrees, 90-95% RH Rapid conversion of sugars to starch Storage, shipping, shelf life – 6-8 days

Cactus

Origin and domestication Family: Cactaceae Two genera are important: Opuntia, Nopalea Center of origin – probably Mexico Columbus introduced them into Spain Spread to Mediterranean and North Africa

Cactus Use and production Gathered, wild-cultured or produced on small farms Edible portions are the cladodes (pads) and the tuna (fruit) Cladodes eaten fresh or boiled Tuna eaten fresh, boiled, made into syrups or jams

Cactus cladodes and tuna

Cactus Management techniques Vegetatively propagated using mature cladodes Some irrigation is used to increase growth rate Some fertilizer required Nitrogen only for cladode production Harvested by hand, careful cutting at articulation Can be stored for 3 weeks at 60 degrees if waxed

Cactus culture

Bamboo

Origin and domestication Center of origin in China Of ancient use for food, timber, paper, other Most important genera for food: Phyllostachys, Bambusa, Dendrocalamus Bamboo forests in China, Malaysia, Indonesia

Edible bamboo species

Bamboo Use and production Edible portion is emerging shoots Occasionally, seed is used as a grain Consumed boiled, to remove acridity Have a crisp, mild flavor after boiling 2,000,000 tons eaten each year

Bamboo shoot

Bamboo Management techniques Gathered from the wild and cultured in small market-garden productions systems Propagation by rhizome divisions or seed Loose mulch placed over rhizomes New shoots maintained in the dark

Bamboo culture

Bamboo Harvest and Storage Harvested by cutting just above the rhizome Shoots harvested continually for 2-3 weeks Last shoots are allowed to grow and mature All growth removed at seasons end