© T. M. Whitmore Today Problems with urban growth (partial review) The urban economy Migration
© T. M. Whitmore Questions? Demography Review mortality & fertility Age structure Population distributions Urban systems in Latin America
© T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth I Housing First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city Elite Often close juxtaposition of rich and poorjuxtaposition Some planned attempts to deal with thisplanned New trends
© T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth II Subsidy and Sink effects Congestion Pollution Loss of urban open space Poor provision of basic servicesservices Export of problems Poverty generally Employment not always good
© T. M. Whitmore Problems with urban growth III Self-help (often squatter) housing Many names: Favelas (Brazil), colonias proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc. 2 nd destination of R migrant Seen as places of permanence 25-40% of total pop in some cities Initially settlements lack infrastructure A main characteristic is improvement
Mexico City country club
Mexican stock exchange
© T. M. Whitmore Elite housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. Whitmore Wealthy homes in Morelia, Mexico
© Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Elite house Cuidad Juarez
© W.H. Freeman & Co.
Planned new housing area in Mexico City
Nezahualcoyotl: Planned housing area in Mexico City
Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people
Squatter housing in Mexico City
Mexico City inner city
© Pearson Education – Prentice Hall Squatters outside Lima
© W.H. Freeman & Co.
© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR
© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Santo Domingo
© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Lima
© T. M. Whitmore Self-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico
© T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Saltillo
© T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa
© T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Tegucigalpa
300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, Mexico Entire complex has > 10,000!
Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador © Brad Jokish
Mexico City on a rare clear day
More typical Mexico City day
© T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo
© T. M. Whitmore Urban water, Santo Domingo
© T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City
© T. M. Whitmore Subsidence in Mexico City
© T. M. Whitmore The urban economy Dual system Dual Formal Formal corporate, government, commerce, and major businesses Minority of jobs? Informal Informal services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc. Majority of jobs?
© T. M. Whitmore
Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa
© T. M. Whitmore Formal sector housing, Saltillo
Informal sector economy
© T. M. Whitmore
Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo
Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers
© T. M. Whitmore Migration-the 3 rd part of demography Definitions of migration More-or-less permanent change in the locus of one’s life Must cross political boundary “Circulation” a temporary change in residence
© T. M. Whitmore Migration — 4 major types 1 st type: International within Latin America 2 nd type: International to and from Latin America 3 rd type rural => rural migration 4 th type rural => urban migration
© T. M. Whitmore International migration within Latin America Mostly labor circulation flows Industrial and urban destinations Rural origin to urban destination
© T. M. Whitmore International to and from Latin America Colonial immigrations 10s of thousands of Iberians Forced migration of ~10 m AfricansAfricans 19th century immigrations Europeans to S Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica Contemporary emigrations (e.g., Caribbean, Ecuador, to el Norte)CaribbeanEcuadorel Norte
© T. M. Whitmore
Example of International migration: Mexicans to US N limits of Mexico Loss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s Post-Mexican war in 1880s 1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US
© T. M. Whitmore Example of International migration: Mexicans to US II 1940s -1960s => Bracero program 1980s and beyond Issue of illegal (undocumented) Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s Issue of remittances Spatial patterns of migration Spatial