Anatomy – Skeletal System

 5 major functions ◦ Shape and support ◦ Movement ◦ Protection ◦ Blood Production ◦ Storage

Shape and Support - This is our body's framework. It provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and allows us to have a good posture. Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones in a way which allows movement. Protection - Protects our delicate organs e.g.-SKULL protects the BRAIN. RIB CAGE protects the HEART and LUNGS etc Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow found in many bones. RED CELLS carry oxygen to the muscles to enable them to work. They are red in colour because they carry haemoglobin. WHITE CELLS fight infection in the body. Storage- minerals like calcium are stored in the bones to add strength

 When describing the body in anatomical terms, we describe the: ◦ FRONT of the body – ANTERIOR ◦ BACK of the body - POSTERIOR ANTERIOR POSTERIOR

Where bones meet they form JOINTS. The movement of the skeleton is helped by joints. There are THREE kinds of joints: Fibrous (non-moving e.g.- skull) Cartilagenous (limited movement e.g.- vertebrae of spine) Synovial (a range of movements are available)

Joints can be separated into FIVE categories:  Ball and Socket  Hinge  Gliding  Pivot  Saddle

Two examples of this joint in the human body are the hip and shoulder joints. The rounded head of one bone fits into a cup-shaped socket of another. This joint allows the greatest range of movement. Pelvis Femur

Two examples of this type of joint include those found at the knee and elbow. Try flexing (bending) and extending them. You will find that the movement of the joint can only occur in one direction, just like the hinge of a door. Humerus Radius Ulna

In this type of joint, two surfaces which are flat rub against each other. These small bones can move over one another to increase flexibility of the hands for example. They are stopped from moving too far by strong ligaments. Carpals

This joint is made when one bone twists against another. These are found in the spine. They also allow the head to turn, raise and lower.

 This joint allows movement back and forth and up and down, but does not allow for rotation like a ball and socket joint. ◦ E.g. CMC (carpometacarpal Joint)

In the Human Body there are 3 different types of muscle. These are: SMOOTH – Also known as INVOLUNTARY muscles. Found in the internal organs such as the intestine. They are named as such because we do not have conscious control over them. CARDIAC – Found only in the heart. We cannot control it and it is constantly working. It enables blood to be pumped from the heart to the body. SKELETAL – Often called VOLUNTARY or STRIPED muscle. It enables us to move and is under our conscious control.

 When muscles contract they cause movement to occur at joints  Muscles act in pairs ◦ Agonists – Muscles that contract and shorten ◦ Antagonists – Muscles that lengthen and contract to ‘slow down’ movement ◦ * Complete muscular system worksheet*

 Bones  Joints ◦ Saddle ◦ Ball and Socket ◦ Hinge ◦ Pivot ◦ Gliding

 1. The hip and the pelvis are what kind of joint?  2. What type of muscle is in the heart?  3. If the Tricep is the agonist, what is the antagonist?  4. How many bones are in your body?

 Movements ◦ Flexion ◦ Extension ◦ Adduction ◦ Abduction ◦ Rotation  Muscles that cause movements

 This is when the angle between two bones decreases ◦ Occurs at BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints  e.g. flexion of the knee joint

 This is the increasing in angle between two bones ◦ Occurs at BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints

 Moving away from the centre line of your body

 Moving towards the centre line of your body ◦ Occurs in a BALL and SOCKET joints

 Movement of the bone around a central axis ◦ This occurs at BALL AND SOCKET and PIVOT joints

 Using the worksheet, fill in what muscles cause movements at the joints identified in the worksheet

MuscleAntagonistMovements that occur BicepTricep Elbow joint – The bicep causes the elbow flexion Hamstring Quadricep Tricep Deltoid Abdominals (rectus abdominus)

Muscle (agonist)AntagonistMovements that occur BicepTricep Elbow joint – The bicep causes the elbow flexion HamstringQuadricep Knee joint – Flexion of knee joint QuadricepHamstringKnee joint – Extension TricepBicep Elbow joint – The tricep extends the elbow joint DeltoidPectoralis Major Shoulder joint – Deltoid causes abduction at shoulder joint Abdominals (rectus abdominus) Back Extensor (erector Spinae) Flexion of the back/vertebrae

 In groups, using the basketball picture you have been given.  Use the picture to answer the questions on the hand out  Be prepared to share with the class  You have 10 minutes to complete task!  php/timer/ php/timer/

 Elbow joint (hinge)– is flexed, but will extend once he releases the basketball ◦ Biceps cause flexion ◦ Triceps cause extension  Wrist joint (saddle)– is _______, once he releases the basketball the wrist joint will be in __________. ◦ Wrist extensors cause extension ◦ Wrist flexors cause flexion

 The study of forces on the human body

 There are 3 types of motion, which can be classified as : ◦ Linear motion ◦ Angular motion ◦ General motion