Partitions of Integers Prof. Sin-Min Lee Department of Computer Science San Jose State University

A numerical partition of an integer n is a sequence p 1 > p 2 > · · · > p k > 0, such that p 1 +p 2 + · · · +p k = n. Each p i is called a part. For example, is a partition of 18 into 6 parts. The number of partitions of n is denoted p(n) and the number of partitions of n into k parts is denoted p(n,k). p(n,k) = p(n - 1, k - 1) + p(n - k,k) p(n) = 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, 22, 30, 42, 56, 77, 101, 135, 176,…..

In 1740, German mathematician Naude wrote to Euler to ask in how many ways a given positive integer can be expressed as a sum of r distinct positive integers. This problem was quickly solved by Euler. First Euler introduced the idea of a partition of a positive number n into r parts as a sequence, n 1 <n 2 <…<n r, of positive integers such that n= n 1 <n 2 <…<n r where the ni are the parts. As an example, the partitions of 4 are: , , 1 + 3, 2 + 2, 4

Below we show a table of the numbers p(n,k) for 0 < k< n < 9.

The partitions on a number n correspond to the set of solutions (j 1,…,j n ) to the Diophantine equationDiophantine equation For example, the partitions of four, given by (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2), (2, 2), (4), and (1, 3) correspond to the solutions(j 1,j 2,j 3,j 4 )= (4,0,0,0) = 4 * 1, (2, 1, 0, 0) = 2 * * 2, (0, 2, 0, 0) = 0 * * 2, (0, 0, 0, 1) = 0 * * * * 4, and (1, 0, 1, 0).= 1 * * * 3 So, there are five different partitions of four.

Euler use p(n) denote the number of partitions of n into any number of parts, where p(0) = 1. Ex: p(4) = 5 because there are five different partitions of four. In order to study the sequence {p(n)}, he introduced the concept of a generating function, and showed that

The partitions of n can be enumerated by a simple recursive routine: function partition(n, limit, answer) { var i; if(n > 0) for(i = min(n, limit); i > 0; i --) partition(n-i, i, answer now including i); else process the answer } //partition //initial call: partition(n, n, initial empty answer);

(1) For each permutation (represented as  ) (  (1),  (2),….,  (p- 1),  (p)) Create an arrayA1[  (1),  (2),….,  (p-1),  (p)] A2[  (1)+  (2),  (2)+  (3),…,  (p-2)+  (p-1),  (p-1)+  (p)] A3[  (1)+  (2)+  (3),  (2)+  (3)+  (4),…,  (p-3)+  (p-2)+  (p-1),  (p-2)+  (p-1)+  (p)] … until … Ap[  (1)+  (2)+  (3)+…+  (p)]. Now create a new array by appending the elements of == A1,A2,…,Ap together, call this array B.

(2) Use any sorting algorithm sort the numbers in array B. (3) If the sorted number of B is of the form : 1 a,2 b,3 c,… we say the permutation is good, print this permutation.

Example 1. For example n=4, p=3 The partition (2,1,1) is good.

Example 2.n=6,p=3. (1,2,3) is not good but (1,3,2) is good. The partition (1,2,3) is not good.

Turn in Thursday (2/26/2004) two separate envelopes containing the following: - A report-describing what you discovered from the program (1) For p=3, what is the maximum n which will produce good permutations. (2) Do this for p=4,5,6,7,8. In your report you should mention what kind of permutation algorithms and sorting algorithm you are using.