Lee with his son after the surrender After opposing secession, General Robert E. Lee accepted a commission in the Confederate army and commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for most of the war. Photographer Mathew Brady took this picture of Lee (center), his son Major General G.W.C. Lee (left), and his aide Colonel Walter Taylor (right) eight days after Lee's surrender to General Grant. The forlorn expression on the general's face vividly demonstrates the agony of defeat. (Library of Congress) Lee with his son after the surrender Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

FINAL ANALYSIS  Slavery ended  600,000 dead  1,000,000 wounded  $15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs)  Nullification and Secession now defunct  Republican democracy proven viable to world

ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN  Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, five days after Lee’s surrender  First president to be assassinated in US history  7 million Americans, 1/3 of North’s population, viewed funeral train

Title: Assassination of President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre Year: 1865Creator: H.H. Lloyd & Co.

WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS  Northern Economy outperforms the South’s North is more industrialized North has more workers North has more transportation  Northern states stay united; Lincoln is able to control dissent  North has more population People to work Men to fight

WHY DID THE SOUTH”S STRATEGY FAIL? - ANALYSIS  Uncle Tom’s Cabin moves people of England and France to oppose their governments joining the South and breaking the Union blockade/Anaconda Plan.  Britain relies on Union grain shipments to off-set shortages (King Corn defeats King Cotton)  Trent and Alabama crises: these violations of neutrality threaten war with Britain/Canada. Diplomacy succeeds and Britain pays damages.  Confederacy has same problems as Articles of Confederation – weak central government  Jefferson Davis not popular, threatened w/ impeachment

ECONOMIC CHANGES IN THE NORTH:  Economy booms and grows  Institutes income tax for 1 st time  Construction of national railroad system  Creation of national banks  Instituted the “greenback” currency  179% inflation rate in 1865 IN THE SOUTH:  Economic collapse  Percentage of national wealth drops from 30 to 12%  Income is 2/5 of Northern average  9,000% inflation rate at end of war!!!

SOCIAL and POLITICAL COSTS and CHANGE  Nullification and Secession now defunct, BUT states’ rights STILL VERY MUCH ALIVE.  Emancipation and Thirteenth Amendment end slavery  Power of the federal government greatly expanded  Republican democracy proven viable to world  Over 600,000 dead (360,000 Union….260,000 CSA)  Over 1,000,000 wounded  Over 3,000,000 men in uniform for 4 years (=10% of total population)  $15 billion direct costs (higher indirect costs)  War debt and caring for wounded veterans consumes the federal budget for the next several decades

MILITARY CHANGES  Invention of rifle and minié ball  deadlier wars  Cavalry becomes obsolete  End of massed infantry charges (Pickett’s charge)  Beginning of trench warfare  End of wooden ships – age of ironclads begins

MEANS TO AN END? During the war Lincoln violated the Constitutional limits on his powers: 1. Initiated blockade w/o advice/consent of Congress 2. Increased size of army w/o advice/consent of Congress 3. Appropriated funds w/o advice/consent of Congress 4. Suspended habeas corpus 5. “supervised” voting in border states (intimidation) 6. Violated freedom of the press 7. Uses total war against South? Will it jeopardize the peace? Also, the DRAFT: Was it necessary? Just?