Evolution of Birds from Reptiles SZ2- Students will explain the evolutionary history of animals over the geological history of Earth. Evolved from reptiles-Few intermediate fossils due to lack of preservation of feathers or thin, hollow bones

Thecodontosaurus

Iguanodon

Ingenia

Incisivosaurus

Archeopteryx 150 mya

Archaeopteryx Possible link between birds & reptiles (150 mya) Reptilian char- Large skull, reptile like teeth Bones solid Claws on forelimbs Long tail Bird Char.- Strong legs & rounded wings for gliding Feathers Furculum - fused collarbone or wishbone

Hesperonis Fossils 75 mya Large, flightless bird Had teeth like reptiles

Ichthyornis Smaller, tern like bird Lived mya Had large flight wings

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves-birds Traits: Air sacs/hollow bones make bird lighter feathers 4 chambered heart endothermic Beaks and feet adapted for food and habitat Evolved from dinosaurs in Mesozoic era Scales on legs- similar to reptiles

General Bird Anatomy SZ4- Students will assess how animals interact with their environment including key adaptation found within animal taxa.

Birds Have the Highest Metabolism

Metabolic Adaptations Birds have high metabolism Endothermic, 4 chambered heart Lungs, air sacs for increased oxygen avail. Crop and gizzard(grinds food) in digestive tract Metanephric kidney excretes uric acid- prevents water loss Counter-current circulation

Respiration

Counter-Current Circulation

Excretion – Uric Acid Uric acid metabolic excretion (Saves water) Urea Ammonia

Adaptations for Flight Feathers- modified scales Pectoral appendages = wings Lightweight skeleton filled w/ air sacs High metabolic rate Endothermic- regulate temp. internally

Types of Feathers

Furculum and Keeled Sternum

Wings

Flight Forces

Avian Reproduction Amniotic egg Internal fertilization Oviparous- eggs laid outside of body Both parents care for eggs Precocial young- active at hatching Altricial young- helpless and naked at hatching migration

Egg Shapes

Starling Nests

Weaver Bird Nest

Brood Parasitism Cardinal or Cowbird eggs?

Migration

40 Bird Classification 28 orders 9600 species SZ1- Students will derive the phylogeny of animal taxa using informative characteristics SZ3- Students will compare form and function relationships within animal groups and across key taxa.

Super Orders of Birds Superorder Archaeornithes- “ancient birds”, extinct ex. Archaeopteryx Superorder Neornithes- “new” birds- modern Paleognathae- “old jaw” Neognathae- “new jaw”

42 Paleognathae- Order Struthioniformes Large flightless bird Two toes Old jaw Ex. ostriches

43 Neognathae- Order Pelecaniformes Pelicans, cormorants, boobies

44 Neo- Order Ciconiiformes Long legs for wading Long necks

45 Order Anseriformes Flat bill Webbed feet Swans, geese, ducks

46 Order Falconiformes Hooked bill Talons Eagle Hawk Falcon

47 Order Passeriformes Perching foot Songbirds 5000 species Mocking bird Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays

48 Order Columbiformes Short neck Short legs Pigeons Doves

49 Order Strigiformes Large eyes Silent flight Nocturnal predator Owls

50 Order Apodiformes Small bird Rapid wingbeat Hummingbirds

51 Order Galliformes Chicken like Strong beaks Heavy feet Chicken Turkey Pheasants Quail

52 Order Charadriiformes Short bill Strong fliers Shorebirds Gulls

53 Order Psittaciformes Thick tongue Hinged and movable upper beak Bright colors Parrots Parakeets

54 Order Piciformes Two toes forward and two toes backward woodpeckers

55 Order Sphenisciformes Webbed feet Wings as used for swimming penquins

56 The End