 Map - is a representation of the features of a physical body such as Earth.

 Europeans’ placed East at the top to emphasize the importance of Jerusalem to the Europeans’ faith.

 The Chinese put south at the top of their maps because nothing to the north held any interest to them.

 Accepted the Earth as being a sphere almost 2,000 years before Christopher Columbus made his voyage in  Eratosthenes – A Greek mathematician, wanted to know the size of Earth. › Calculated the circumference using math and observation of the sun. › No Satellites or computers were used just pen and paper. › His calculations were off by 6,250km. Roughly 4,000miles.

 Reference Point – a fixed place on the Earth’s surface from which direction and location can be described. › Because Earth is spherical it doesn’t really have any reference points or does it?

 Axis – the imaginary line that runs through the Earth. › At each end of the axis is the geographic poles:  North Pole  South Pole

 Cardinal Directions – The popular directions of North, South, East, and West.  What are the advantages of Cardinal Directions?

 Compass – a tool that uses the natural magnetism of the Earth to show direction. › The Earth has two different sets of poles  Geographic Poles – The location in which the Earth spins on its Axis.  Magnetic Poles – The poles that the compass will point to.

 True North – the direction to the geographic North Pole › You must make a correction for the difference between the geographic North Pole and the magnetic north pole, in order to use a compass.  Magnetic Declination – the difference between the magnetic north and the true north. › Must be calculated in order to use a compass.

 Magnetic declination is measure in degrees east or west of true north. (pg 39 fig 5) › Figure out roughly what the magnetic declination is for New Bern, NC. › Remember CEEC ( Correct Easterly Errors Clockwise)

 Just like you have an address at your house city’s, states, and islands have an address too. › The address includes two very important geographical terms.  Longitude  Latitude.

 Latitude – Imaginary lines drawn around the Earth parallel to the equator. › Tells distances North or South of the equator. › Expressed in degrees.

A circle located halfway between the North and South Poles that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. › Represents 0° latitude › Divides the Earth into Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.

 North Pole and South Pole › Located at 90° › Pg 43 fig 3-1

 Longitude – lines of longitude, or meridians, are imaginary lines that pass through both poles. › Distance East and West of the prime meridian. › Expressed in degrees. › Lines run North and South of Equator and are farther apart at the equator.

 diagrams/globe/globe.swf diagrams/globe/globe.swf

 Prime Meridian – the line that runs from North Pole through Greenwich, England to the South Pole. › Does not run on both sides of the Earth like the Equator. › Is located at 0° › With the 180 °Meridian line cut the Earth into two halves West and East.  180 °Meridian line runs on the opposite side of the Prime Meridian.

 Together the prime meridian and meridian lines divide the Earth into an Eastern and Western hemisphere.

 Why is the prime meridian 0 longitude and the meridian 180 longitude when they are the same line dividing the Earth into an east and a west?

 There are two ways in which you can use Latitude and Longitude. › To find an object on a map. › To figure out the address of the object.

 In order to find and object on a map you must first find the latitude and the longitude of the object.  Second you trace your fingers together and you should be on top of the object or very close to it.

 Find the object on the map.  Trace your finger out to the longitude and latitude readings.

 Shortest route between two points on a sphere. › Is the same as the shortest point between two points is a straight line.  Used in navigation, especially in long- distance travel by boat or aircraft.