Introduction to animals

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Introduction to animals
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Introduction to animals
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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to animals Copyright cmassengale copyright cmassengale

Traits copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Animals All multicellular (metazoans) Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus & organelles) Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it) Store food reserves as glycogen copyright cmassengale

Support Systems Have some type of skeletal support Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone(Vertebrates) Exoskeletons found in arthropods Cover the outside of the body Limit size Must be molted making animal vulnerable to predators copyright cmassengale

Cicada Molting Exoskeleton copyright cmassengale

Support Systems Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support Called hydrostatic skeletons copyright cmassengale

Movement Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving) Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam) Animals that can move are motile Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement copyright cmassengale

SESSILE SEDENTARY Chiton Sponge MOTILE Cheetah copyright cmassengale

Reproduction in Animals All animals are capable of sexual reproduction Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs copyright cmassengale

Reproduction in Animals Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs develop without being fertilized Called Parthenogenesis New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards copyright cmassengale

Parthenogenesis in the Komodo Dragon copyright cmassengale

Levels of Organization Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions) Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues copyright cmassengale

Levels of Organization Molecule or compound Atom Organelle Levels of Organization CELL Life begins Tissue Organ Organ system Organism copyright cmassengale

Invertebrate groups copyright cmassengale

Characteristics of Invertebrates Simplest animals Contain the greatest number of different species (2 million) Most are aquatic (found in water) Do NOT have a backbone Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms copyright cmassengale

Sponge - Porifera Osculum of Sponge copyright cmassengale

Sea Anemone - Cnidaria Tentacles of Sea Anemone copyright cmassengale

More Cnidarians Brain Coral Red jellyfish copyright cmassengale

Flatworms - Platyhelminthes Marine Flatworm Planarian copyright cmassengale

Roundworms (Nematoda) and Segmented Worms (Annelida) Nematode Leech (segmented worm) copyright cmassengale

Mollusca (With and Without Shells) snail scallop octopus nudibranch nautilus copyright cmassengale

Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab) crayfish Horseshoe crab Dung beetle copyright cmassengale

Echinoderms starfish Sea fan (crinoid) Brittle star Sand dollar Sea cucumber copyright cmassengale

Vertebrate Groups copyright cmassengale

Vertebrata More complex animals (58,000 species) Most have a backbone made up of individual bones called vertebrae From simplest to most complex, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals copyright cmassengale

Vertebrate Backbone copyright cmassengale

Vertebrata Vertebrates have endoskeletons (internal) Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates) Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals) copyright cmassengale

Fish lancelet ray damselfish anglerfish copyright cmassengale

Amphibia salamander toad frog newt copyright cmassengale

Reptilia Turtle Snake Lizard Alligator copyright cmassengale

Birds - Aves hummingbird ostrich lovebirds copyright cmassengale

Mammalia copyright cmassengale

Body Areas copyright cmassengale

Surfaces Dorsal – back or upper surface Ventral – belly or lower surface Anterior – head or front end Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head Oral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside) Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side) copyright cmassengale

Surfaces (Most Animals) DORSAL POSTERIOR ANTERIOR VENTRAL copyright cmassengale

Surfaces (Echinoderms) ORAL ABORAL mouth copyright cmassengale

Symmetry copyright cmassengale

Body Symmetry copyright cmassengale

Body Symmetry Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges) copyright cmassengale

Body Symmetry Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms) Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little) copyright cmassengale

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Body Symmetry Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other More complex type of symmetry copyright cmassengale

Body Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile Animals have an anterior and posterior ends Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end) copyright cmassengale

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Segmentation copyright cmassengale

Segmentation Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments Found in more complex animals Earthworms show external segmentation Humans show internal segmentation (backbone) Segments may fuse (cephalothorax) copyright cmassengale

Segmentation cephalothorax copyright cmassengale

Tissues copyright cmassengale

Tissue Development Stage One Cleavage- Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage Forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula copyright cmassengale

Blastula The blastocoel is the center cavity of the blastula with 1 germ layer (blastoderm) copyright cmassengale

Tissue Development Stage 2-Gastrulation The blastula INVAGINATES (folds inward at one point) forming a GASTRULA The opening is called the blastopore The center is the primitive gut or Archenteron Archenteron blastopore copyright cmassengale

Tissue Development Blastopore may become the mouth (Protostome) or anus (Deuterostome) Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids) Deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates) Some animals form a middle germ layer called mesoderm copyright cmassengale

Embryonic Development copyright cmassengale

Germ Layers Form tissues, organs, & systems NOT present in sponges Ectoderm (outer) – forms the outer layer of skin, nails, hair and the nervous system including sense organs. Endoderm (inner) – lining of the urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. Also forms the pancreas liver, lungs and gills Mesoderm (middle) – forms skeleton, muscles, circulatory system & other systems copyright cmassengale

Body Layers (Germ Layers) Sponges have NO tissues or organs, only specialized cells Cnidarians like jellyfish & coral have only two body layers(Endo and Ecto). One body opening (mouth/anus) called gastrovascular cavity Cnidarians have outer epidermis & inner gastrodermis with jelly-like mesoglea between the layers copyright cmassengale

Body Layers (Germ Layers) All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates have three cell layers Ectoderm Endoderm mesoderm copyright cmassengale

Protostomes “First Mouth” Types of development of embryos in animals with a coelom the blastopore develops into a mouth, and a second opening forms at the other end of the archenteron, forming an anus. Undergo spiral cleavage process of coelom formation is called schizocoely or “split body cavity.” mollusks, arthropods, & annelids

Deuterostomes “Second Mouth” Types of development of embryo in animals with a coelom the blastopore develops into an anus, and a second opening at the other end of the archenteron becomes the mouth. Undergo radial cleavage This process of coelom formation is called enterocoely which means “gut body cavity.” echinoderms & vertebrates

Embryonic Cleavage copyright cmassengale

Cleavage Cleavage – rapid mitosis (cell division) of zygote Radial Cleavage – cells divide parallel or perpendicular to axis to each other copyright cmassengale

Cleavage Spiral Cleavage – cellular divisions occur diagonally, in a twisting pattern copyright cmassengale

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Body Cavities copyright cmassengale

Coelom - Body Cavity Internal body cavity fully lined with mesoderm Body organs suspended in this cavity Mollusks, annelids, arthropods, chordates, and echinoderms are coelomates copyright cmassengale

Coelom - Body Cavity Acoelomate animals have solid bodies filled with cells and tissues Acoelomate animals include sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms copyright cmassengale

Coelom - Body Cavity Pseudocoelomate animals (roundworms) have a functional body cavity NOT fully lined with mesoderm copyright cmassengale