AP Biology Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya

AP Biology Animal Characteristics  Heterotrophs  must ingest others for nutrients  Multicellular  complex bodies  No cell walls  allows active movement  Sexual reproduction  no alternation of generations  no haploid gametophyte

AP Biology Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes spongesjellyfishflatworms roundworms Nematoda MolluscaArthropodaChordata AnnelidaEchinodermata mollusks multicellularity Ancestral Protist tissues bilateral symmetry body cavity segmentation Animal Evolution coelom starfishvertebrates endoskeleton segmented worms insects spiders backbone specialization &  body complexity specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue distinct body plan; cephalization  body complexity  digestive & repro sys  digestive sys  body size  body & brain size,  mobility radial bilateral

AP Biology Body Cavity ectoderm mesoderm endoderm ectoderm mesoderm endoderm mesoderm endoderm acoelomate pseudocoelomate coelomate coelom cavity pseudocoel  Space for organ system development  increase digestive & reproductive systems  increase food capacity & digestion  increase gamete production  Coelem  mesoderm & endoderm interact during development  allows complex structures to develop in digestive system  ex. stomach protostome vs. deuterostome

AP Biology Invertebrate: Porifera  Sponges  no distinct tissues or organs  do have specialized cells  no symmetry  sessile (as adults) food taken into each cell by endocytosis

AP Biology Invertebrate: Cnidaria  Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral  tissues, but no organs  two cell layers  radial symmetry  predators  tentacles surround gut opening  extracellular digestion  release enzymes into gut cavity  absorption by cells lining gut medusapolyp

AP Biology hydra stinging cell with nematocyst trigger discharged nematocyst undischarged nematocyst tentacles mouth sensory cell stinging cell Stinging cells of Cnidarians

AP Biology Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes ectoderm mesoderm endoderm  Flatworms  tapeworm, planaria  mostly parasitic  bilaterally symmetrical  have right & left & then have head (anterior) end & posterior end  cephalization = development of brain  concentration of sense organs in head  increase specialization in body plan acoelomate

AP Biology Invertebrate: Nematoda  Roundworms  bilaterally symmetrical  body cavity  pseudocoelom = simple body cavity  digestive system  tube running through length of body (mouth to anus)  many are parasitic  hookworm C. elegans

AP Biology Invertebrate: Mollusca  Mollusks  slugs, snails, clams, squid  bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions)  soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells  true coelem  increases complexity & specialization of internal organs

AP Biology Invertebrate: Annelida  Segmented worms  earthworms, leeches  segments  increase mobility  redundancy in body sections  bilaterally symmetrical  true coelem fan wormleech

AP Biology Invertebrate: Arthropoda  Spiders, insects, crustaceans  most successful animal phylum  bilaterally symmetrical  segmented  specialized segments  allows jointed appendages  exoskeleton  chitin + protein

AP Biology Arthropod groups insects 6 legs, 3 body parts crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae crab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts spiders, ticks, scorpions

AP Biology Invertebrate: Echinodermata  Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber  radially symmetrical as adults  spiny endoskeleton  deuterostome loss of bilateral symmetry?

AP Biology Invertebrate quick check…  Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?  Which group is the sponges?  Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms?  Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?  Which two groups have radial symmetry?  What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry?  Which group has no symmetry? Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata

AP Biology  Vertebrates  fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals  internal bony skeleton  backbone encasing spinal column  skull-encased brain  deuterostome postanal tail notochord hollow dorsal nerve cord pharyngeal pouches Chordata becomes brain & spinal cord becomes vertebrae becomes gills or Eustachian tube becomes tail or tailbone

AP Biology Vertebrates: Fish salmon, trout, sharks 450 mya  Characteristics  body structure  bony & cartilaginous skeleton  jaws & paired appendages (fins)  scales  body function  gills for gas exchange  two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation  ectotherms  reproduction  external fertilization  external development in aquatic egg gills body

AP Biology Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Tibia Femur Fibula Humerus Shoulder Radius Ulna Tibia Femur Pelvis Fibula Lobe-finned fish Humerus Shoulder Radius Ulna Pelvis Early amphibian

AP Biology lung buccal cavity glottis closed Vertebrates: Amphibian  Characteristics  body structure  legs (tetrapods)  moist skin  body function  lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange  three-chambered heart; veins from lungs back to heart  ectotherms  reproduction  external fertilization  external development in aquatic egg  metamorphosis (tadpole to adult) frogs salamanders toads 350 mya

AP Biology Vertebrates: Reptiles  Characteristics  body structure  dry skin, scales, armor  body function  lungs for gas exchange  thoracic breathing; negative pressure  three-chambered heart  ectotherms  reproduction  internal fertilization  external development in amniotic egg 250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile embryo leathery shell chorion allantois yolk sac amnion

AP Biology Vertebrates: Birds (Aves)  Characteristics  body structure  feathers & wings  thin, hollow bone; flight skeleton  body function  very efficient lungs & air sacs  four-chambered heart  endotherms  reproduction  internal fertilization  external development in amniotic egg 150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey trachea anterior air sacs lung posterior air sacs

AP Biology Vertebrates: Mammals 220 mya / 65 mya mice, ferret elephants, bats whales, humans muscles contract diaphragm contracts  Characteristics  body structure  hair  specialized teeth  body function  lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure  four-chambered heart  endotherms  reproduction  internal fertilization  internal development in uterus  nourishment through placenta  birth live young  mammary glands make milk

AP Biology Vertebrates: Mammals  Sub-groups  monotremes  egg-laying mammals  lack placenta & true nipples  duckbilled platypus, echidna  marsupials  pouched mammals  offspring feed from nipples in pouch  short-lived placenta  koala, kangaroo, opossum  placental  true placenta  nutrient & waste filter  shrews, bats, whales, humans

AP Biology Vertebrate quick check…  Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?  Which vertebrates are covered with scales?  What adaptations do birds have for flying?  What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?  Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic  Why must amphibians live near water?  What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful?  What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub- groups of mammals?

AP Biology Comparing Chordates

AP Biology Evolutionary Trends in Vertebrates  Adaptive Radiation: process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways  Rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms  Convergent Evolution: process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

AP Biology  The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in vertebrates…  Particularly in habitats where temperature varies widely within time of day and with season Body Temperature & Homeostasis

AP Biology Body Temperature & Homeostasis  Ectotherm: animal that relies on interactions with the environment to help it control body temperature (“cold blooded”)  Reptiles, fishes and amphibians

AP Biology Body Temperature & Homeostasis  Endotherm: animal that generates its own body heat and controls its body temperature from within (“warm blooded”)  Birds and mammals

AP Biology Feeding  Skulls and teeth adapted for feeding on a much wider assortment of foods

AP Biology Respiration  Aquatic chordates: tunicates, fishes, and amphibian larvae  GILLS  Land vertebrates: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals  LUNGS

AP Biology Circulation  Single-loop circulation  Double-loop circulation  Heart chambers

AP Biology Excretion  Carried out by the kidneys

AP Biology Response  Nonvertebrate chordates have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain  Vertebrates have a more complex brain with distinct regions, each with a different function

AP Biology Movement  The skeletal and muscular system support a vertebrate’s body and make it possible to control movement

AP Biology Reproduction  Almost all chordates reproduce sexually  Oviparous: eggs develop outside the mother’s body  Ovoviviparous: eggs develop within the mother’s body –young born alive  Viviparous: embryos obtain nutrients directly from the mother’s body-young born alive

AP Biology Animal Behavior Chapter 34: Biology II

AP Biology Elements of Behavior  Behavior: the way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment  Stimulus: any kind of detectable sign that carries information  Response: single, specific reaction to a stimulus

AP Biology Types of Stimuli  Light  Sound  Odors  Heat  THE SENSES  Some are different for different animals; i.e. echolocation in dolphins

AP Biology How Animals Respond  When an animal responds to a stimulus, the body systems…  sense organs  nervous system  muscles  …interact to produce the resulting behavior

AP Biology Behavior and Evolution  Innate Behavior: instinct, or inborn behavior; behavior that appears in a fully functional form the first time it is performed  Learned Behavior: behavior that is altered as a result of experience

AP Biology Learned Behavior  Habituation  Classical conditioning  Operant conditioning  Insight learning

AP Biology Habituation  Learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms it

AP Biology  Learning process in which an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment Classical Conditioning

AP Biology

Operant Conditioning  Learning process in which an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment  Trial-and-error learning

AP Biology Insight Learning  Learning process in which an animal applies something it has already learned to a new situation without a period of trial and error  Reasoning

AP Biology Imprinting  Learning based on early experience  Once imprinting has occurred, the behavior cannot be changed

AP Biology Patterns of Behavior  Behavioral Cycles  Courtship  Social Behavior  Competition and Aggression  Communication

AP Biology Behavioral Cycles  Many animals respond to periodic changes in the environment with daily or seasonal cycles of behavior  Migration: periodic movement and return of animals from one place to another  Circadian Rhythm: behavioral cycle that occurs in a daily pattern; i.e. sleep

AP Biology Courtship  Type of behavior in which an animal sends out stimuli…  Sounds  Visual displays, or  Chemicals  …in order to attract a member of the opposite sex

AP Biology Social Behavior  Usually members of a society are related to one another  Related individuals share a large proportion of each other’s genes  Helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring

AP Biology Competition and Aggression  Territory: specific area occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals  Aggression: threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another

AP Biology Communication  Passing of information from one organism to another  Visual signals  Chemical signals  Sound signals  Language**

AP Biology Animal Behavior Terminology  Behavior  Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus in its environment  Innate behavior  Inherited behavior of animals (instinctive)  Ex. The way a toad catches its prey.  Fight-or-flight response  Preparation of the body to either fight or run from the danger  Controlled by hormones

AP Biology  Instinct  A complex pattern of innate behavior that begins with a stimulus and continues until all responses have been completed  Ex. Migration, aggressive behavior, courtship behavior, circadian rhythm, and territorial behavior  Circadian rhythm  A 24-hour cycle of behavior, cycle of sleeping and wakefulness  Mimicry  The resemblance of one organism to another or to an object in its surroundings for concealment and protection from predators Animal Behavior Terminology

AP Biology  Migration  The instinctive seasonal movement of animals  Ex. Birds, Pacific salmon  Hibernation  A state in which the body temperature drops substantially, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rates decline to a few breaths per minute in order to conserve energy  Ex. Bears  Habituation  A repeated stimulus that the animal finally ceases to respond to Animal Behavior Terminology

AP Biology  Imprinting  When an animal at a critical time of its life forms a social attachment to another object  Ex. Ducklings attachment to its mother  Conditioning  Learning by association  Insight  Learning when an animal uses previous experiences to respond to a new situation Animal Behavior Terminology