Chapter 21: Civil Rights Section 2: The Triumphs of a Crusade

California Academic Standards: 11.10.3 11.10.4 11.10.5 & 11.10. 6 11.10 Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights. .3 Describe the collaboration on legal strategy between African American and white civil rights lawyers to end racial segregation in higher education.

4. Examine the roles of civil rights advocates (e. g. , A .4 Examine the roles of civil rights advocates (e.g., A. Philip Randolph, Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcom X, Thurgood Marshall, James Farmer, Rosa Parks), including the significance of Martin Luther King, Jr. 's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and "I Have a Dream" speech. .5 Discuss the diffusion of the civil rights movement of African Americans from the churches of the rural South and the urban North, including the…

…resistance to racial desegregation in Little Rock and Birmingham, and how the advances influenced the agendas, strategies, and effectiveness of the quests of American Indians, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans for civil rights and equal opportunities. .6 Analyze the passage and effects of civil rights and voting rights legislation (e.g., 1964 Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act of 1965) and the Twenty-Fourth Amendment, with an…

…emphasis on equality of access to education and to the political process. Objectives: Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to: Identify the goal of the freedom riders Explain how civil rights activism forced President Kennedy to act against segregation State the motives behind the 1963 March on Washington

Describe how civil rights organizers tried to secure passage of a voting rights act Overview: Civil rights activists break down numerous racial barriers through continued social protest and the prompting of landmark legislation What was the goal of the freedom riders?

Freedom riders expose Southern resistance to federal desegregation rulings, they rode buses throughout the south hoping to provoke white racists and force Kennedy and the administration to act The Freedom Riders were attacked and the bus line refused to take them any further after one bus was fire bombed CORE Freedom Riders stopped, but SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) resumed…

…the rights, realizing that if they gave up because of violence then the white racists had won When the SNCC riders went to Birmingham the Police Chief “Bull” Connor had them beaten and taken to Tennessee, but they returned and sat in a white only bus terminal until They could get a ride to Montgomery Attorney General, Robert Kennedy finally forced the bus company to take them on May 20, 1961 after waiting for 18 hours

The police in Montgomerey had failed to protect the riders Violence against the freedom riders entering Montgomery, forces the Kennedy administration to intervene, sending 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders on the final part of their journey to Jackson. In addition, a federal order banning segregation in all interstate travel facilities, including waiting rooms, restrooms, and lunch counters was handed down

How did civil rights activism force JFK to act against segregation? Civil rights organizers turn their attention to integrating some Southern campuses and towns at each turn they encountered opposition from some whites Federal troops are needed to get James Meredith into the all-white University of Mississippi

Meredith won a court case that allowed him to enroll The governor, Ross Barnett refused to let him register as a student JFK ordered federal marshals to escort Meredith to the registrar’s office Barnet appealed over the radio to Mississippians to “never surrender” Riots broke out on September 30, 1962

it took 5,000 soldiers, 200 arrests, and 15 hours to stop the rioters 2 deaths resulted it took 5,000 soldiers, 200 arrests, and 15 hours to stop the rioters Meredith was escorted to class following the incident and nightriders shooting at his parents house forced federal protection Television coverage of the brutal treatment of marchers (children attacked with fire hoses, dogs, and clubs) in Birmingham leads President Kennedy to call for passage of a new civil rights bill

Birmingham was strict on its total segregation policy and had 18 bombings between 1957 and 1963 MLK Jr. and SCLC invited to Birmingham to desegregate city by Fred Shuttlesworth, head of Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights MLK Jr. arrested and write a “letter from Birmingham jail”

Economic boycott and negative press convinced Birmingham officials to end segregation What were the motives behind the 1963 March on Washington? Civil rights activists organize a great protest march on Washington to pressure Congress into passing the civil rights bill introduced by JFK

August 28, 1963 250,000 people (75,000 whites) march on Washington and hear MLK Jr. deliver his improvised “I have a Dream” speech The Violence continued with more bombings of churches and President Johnson pushes the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress How did civil rights organizers try to secure passage of a voting rights act?

Violence and intimidation prevent millions of African Americans in the South from registering to vote Civil rights workers try to win a voting rights act through two campaigns: Freedom Summer, led by Robert Moses in MS, which did not get the attention of Congress it had hoped for after a summer of encountering brutal violence at the hands of whites, and a march from Selma to Montgomery, AL, which saw 25,000 marchers go…

…into Montgomery, hoping with more African Americans registered to vote they could elect legislators who would support civil rights The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) Organized by the SNCC, was established in hopes of unseating regular democrats who did nothing to help African Americans The Voting Rights Act of 1965, passed 10 weeks after the Selma March, guarantees the right to vote for African Americans

Some African Americans are still not happy, feeling the years of inequality were still not righted Close Although civil rights activists across the South faced massive resistance in their efforts to achieve desegregation, they forced the federal government to pass monumental civil rights legislation. Page 721 Review “Civil Rights Victories”