Splash Screen

Contents Chapter Focus Section 1Section 1Bureaucratic Organization Section 2Section 2The Civil Service System Section 3Section 3The Bureaucracy at Work

Section 1 Introduction-1 Bureaucratic Organization Key Question How are independent government agencies different from regulatory commissions? What is the general organizational structure of the 15 cabinet level departments?

Section 1-2 A.The Founders anticipated the need for federal agencies to carry on the daily business of government; currently nearly 3 million civilians work in the federal government. I.The Cabinet Departments (pages 276–279) B.The 15 executive departments, headed by cabinet-rank officers, are a major part of the federal bureaucracy. C.These departments are headed by secretaries and staffed with assistant secretaries, deputy secretaries, and directors of major units.

Section 1-3 I.The Cabinet Departments (pages 276–279)

Section 1-4 D.Two of the four departments created by Congress in 1789 are still among the most important: the Departments of State and of the Treasury. E.The other 13 departments are the Departments of the Interior, Agriculture, Justice, Commerce, Labor, Defense, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, and Veterans Affairs. I.The Cabinet Departments (pages 276–279)

Section 1-5 I.The Cabinet Departments (pages 276–279)

Section Focus 3 1)about 75% or three-fourths 2)Answers will vary. 3)Answers will vary.

Section 1-7 A.The federal bureaucracy includes over 100 independent organizations whose heads are appointed by the president. II.Independent Agencies (pages 279–280) B.The services of several independent agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, are widely publicized and are as large and well known as cabinet departments.

Section 1-8 C.Some agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency and the General Services Administration provide services directly for the executive branch. D.Government corporations are independent agencies that directly serve the public, such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the United States Postal Service. II.Independent Agencies (pages 279–280)

Section 1-10 A.are independent of all three branches of government; III.Regulatory Commissions: (pages 281–283) B.make rules for businesses and industries that affect the public interest; C.are often under intense pressures from the groups they regulate and their lobbyists; D. have become more limited in their powers because critics have complained that they overregulate the economy; E. were the subject of regulatory reform by the Republican Congress in the mid-1990s.

Section 1-11 III.Regulatory Commissions: (pages 281–283)

End of Section 1

Section 3 Introduction-1 The Bureaucracy at Work Key Questions Why do you think people sometimes get frustrated with government bureaucracy? What are the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucrats taking a greater role in policy making?

Section 3-2 A.Policy consists of all the actions and decisions taken or not taken by the government. I.Influencing Policy (pages 291–293) B.Federal bureaucrats carry out policy decisions made by the president and Congress. C.The bureaucracy often determines what the law means through the rules and regulations it issues. D. In 1995 Congress set paperwork reduction goals for future years.

Section 3-3 E.Bureaucrats aid in shaping policy by helping Congress draft its new laws or by providing ideas for legislation. F.Workers in federal agencies shape policy by their decisions about the application of rules and regulations and by hearing disputes. G.Bureaucrats also supply advice and information to top decision makers, influencing whether an agency supports or opposes certain policies. I.Influencing Policy (pages 291–293)

Section 3-5 A.The growth of the bureaucracy mirrors the growth of the nation’s population and rapid changes in technology. II.Why the Bureaucracy Makes Policy (pages 293–295) B.The Cold War and international crises since World War II spurred the growth of the bureaucracy. C.The New Deal doubled the size of the federal government. D. Citizen special-interest groups demanded various services and programs. E. Once created, government agencies almost never die.

Section 3-7 A.Congress has an important influence over bureaucrats. III.Influencing Bureaucratic Decisions (pages 295–297) B.Congress can influence decision making in federal agencies. C.Congress’s main power over the bureaucracy is its control of agencies’ budgets. D. Citizens may challenge agencies’ actions in courts.

Section 3-9 A.Federal agencies have client groups that try to influence decisions. IV.The Influence of Client Groups (pages 297–298) B.The close cooperation between congressional committees, client groups, and a federal agency or department is referred to as an iron triangle.

Section 3-10 IV.The Influence of Client Groups (pages 297–298)