U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2008 (Quadrillion Btu) 99.2 Quadrillion BTU Source: DOE/EIA.

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Presentation transcript:

U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2008 (Quadrillion Btu) 99.2 Quadrillion BTU Source: DOE/EIA

Primary Energy Use by Fuel – 1980 – 2030 (quadrillion Btu) Source: AEO 2009

Industrial Transportation Residential and Commercial Electric Power Petroleum-based liquids consumption is projected to be flat as biofuels use grows Biofuels million barrels per day HistoryProjections Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009 (ER)

Biomass Wind Solar Waste Geothermal Nonhydropower renewable power meets 33% of total generation growth between 2007 and 2030 billion kilowatthours HistoryProjections Source: Annual Energy Outlook 2009 (ER)

How Power Plants Produce Electricity

Source: NAS 2009

Renewable Energy Sources  Oceans  Geotech  Biomass  Hydro  Wind  Solar Storage

Renewable Energy Characteristics ► Abundant and available everywhere ► Inherently does not deplete the earth’s natural resources ► Causes little, if any, environmental damage

The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in the Nation’s Energy Supply, 2007 Source: EIA May 2008

Hydro Power

Source: TVA

Drag

Wind Resources of the U.S.

Current technology: 5 MW turbines and 60 m blades (120 m diameter)

Passive Solar

Solar Earth at sea level – 1,000 W/m 2 NC solar radiation – averages 4.5 hrs/day NC – 4.5 kWh/m 2 PV efficiency ~ 15% (Polycrystalline) Capacity Factor – 4.5/24 = 18.7%

Air Infiltration Sites  Plumbing penetrations through insulated floors and ceilings  Chimney penetrations through insulated ceilings and exterior walls  Fireplace dampers  Attic access hatches  Recessed lights and fans in insulated ceilings  Wiring penetrations through insulated floors, ceilings, and walls  Missing plaster  Electrical outlets and switches, especially on exterior walls  Window, door, and baseboard moldings  Dropped ceilings above bathtubs and cabinets

Biomass and Biofuels Resource Potential

Dependency on Nuclear Power ~440 Reactors worldwide with 104 in the US, 58 in France and 31 in the Russian Federation

Brunswick 1 & 2 (Southport) Sharon Harris 1 (New Hill) McGuire 1 & 2 (Cornelius) NPPs in the Southeastern U.S.

Isotopes of Hydrogen hydrogendeuteriumtritium

Each fuel pellet has the same amount of energy as: One ton of coal or 149 gallons of oil OIL 2 1/2 tons of wood

Pressurized Water Reactor

Excess Energy per Nucleon HU, Pu Fe Atomic Number Energy fusionfission 190+

Principal Nuclear Reactions (in a Reactor) n n n & 200 MeV fp2 fp1 fission reaction capture reaction U235 U238 U236 U239 Np239 Pu239 β β

SAFETY

Spent Nuclear Fuel An average sized nuclear power plant produces around 20 tons of spent fuel a year. Composition: ~ 1% Plutonium-239,240 & MA ~ 3% Fission/Stable Products ~ 96% Uranium (~0.8% U 235 ).

Economics O&M + Fuel 2008 Fuel Costs: Coal 2.57 Gas 8.09 Nuclear 1.87 Petroleum Wh Source: NEI

Uranium (Once-Through) Fuel Cycle Spent Fuel Geological Repository Storage Pools & Dry Cask Storage

Uranium Fuel Cycle with Reprocessing SPENTFUELSPENTFUEL Uranium Plutonium Minor Actinides LLFP SLFP & Stable Recycle or Class C Waste Transmute or MOX Transmute or FBR Fuel Repository Transmute or Repository

Composition After 10 Years of Decay ■ Uranium 95.6% ■ Plutonium 0.9% ■ Minor Actinides 0.1% ■ Iodine & Technicium 0.1% ■ Stable & SLFP 3.0% ■ Cesium & Strontium 0.3% 1.1%

Relevant Half Lives