Introduction to microbiology. Morphology of microorganisms Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University/ Department of microbiology

Microbiology is a great complex of biological sciences about microorganisms Branches of microbiology Basic or general microbiology Industrial microbiology and biotechnology Pharmaceutical microbiology Agricultural microbiology Veterinary microbiology Sanitary microbiology (microbiology of food, water, soil and air) Medical microbiology

Branches of medical microbiology Bacteriology Mycology Virology Protozoology

Medical microbiology Infectious microbiology Clinical microbiology Immunology

Taxonomy of microorganisms Classification Nomenclature (binominal system ) Systematic

Ranks of hierarchical arrangement Kingdom Division Class Order Family Tribe Genus Species

Main methods of classification Molecular or geneticsPhenotypic classification

Intraspecies classification Biotype Serotype Phagotype

Present classification of microorganisms Cellular microorganisms non-cellular microorganisms Superkingdom Eucaryotae Procaryotae Kingdom Animalia Fungi Eubacteriae Protozoa Kingdom Vira Canonical viruses Non-canonical viruses

Methods of morphology investigation Light microscopy : Immersion microscopy Dark-field microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Electron microscopy Luminescent microscopy

Main morphological signs of micro- organisms  Shape Size Cell arrangement Tinctorial properties Structure:  Capsule  Structure of cell wall  Flagella  Endospores

Cocci. Micrococci Diplococci Tetracocci Streptococci Sarcinae Staphylococci

Rod-shaped forms Bacteria Bacilli Clostridia

Spiral-shaped bacteria. Vibrio Spirilla Spirochaetes Thread-shaped bacteria

Main differences of the cell structure Type of cellprocaryoteseucaryotes size1-10 µm µm genom exhibited Nucleoid is not separeted from cytoplasm 1 chromosome (circular) Nucleus Have a nuclear membrane A few chromosomes (linear) Mitochondriaabsentpresent Apparatus Golgiabsentpresent Endoplasmatic reticulum absentpresent ribosomeWithin cytoplasm 70S (50S+30S) into ЕPR 80S (60S+40S) Cell wallpeptidoglycanecellulose endospores +—

Structure of the bacteria Cell envelope: - capsule - Cell wall - Cytoplasmic membrane Outside appendages: - flagella - Pili or fimbria Inside structure: - cytoplasm - nucleoid - ribosomes - mesosomes - Intracellular inclusion

Features of the structure Gram- positive cell wall

Feature of the structure Gram- negative cell envelope

Flagella

Motile bacteria may be divided into: 1.Creeping 2.Swimming (1) monotrichous, (2) amphitrichous, (3) lophotrichous, (4) peritrichous

Pili or fimbriae 1. Common-pili 2. F – pili or sex-pili

Methods for flagella revealing Direct methods (microscopy) Indirect methods wet-mount hanging-drop techniques

Intracytoplasmatic inclusions. Volutin granules

Endospores Endospores

Historical development of microbiology Period before microorganisms were seen Micrographic period (from the middle of 17th century to the middle of 18th century ; A.van Leeuwenhoek ) Physiological period (19th century: L. Pasteur, R. Koch) Immunological period (first part of 20th century: G.Bordet, I.I.Metchnikoff, P.Ehrlich, D.I.Ivanowsky): development of immunology and the start of development of the virology) Modern (now-day) period (development of molecular immunology, genetic engineering, immunochemistry, microbial genetics and other parts of microbiology)

Antony van Leeuwenhoek ( ) He was the first person who observed and described microorganisms (he named their as “animalcules”) He constructed first microscope with magnification about 50 to 300 times

Louis Pasteur ( ) He established that fermentation was the result of microbial activity He introduced techniques of sterilization and made steam sterilizer, hot air oven, and autoclave He showed that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation He elaborated methods of pathogenic microorganisms attenuation He developed rabies vaccine and anthrax one

Robert Koch ( ) He elaborated methods of staining and cultivation of microorganisms He discovered causative agents of anthrax (1877), cholera (1883) and tubercle bacillus (1882) He proposed techniques for pure culture isolation He elaborated criteria for proving relationship between a microorganism and a specific diseases (Koch's postulates)  The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent in healthy organism  The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture  The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host  The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host