PACKET #2 Research III & IV

The 1900’s 1900 Galveston Texas storm  8000 – deaths Lots of scientific development early on  Thomas Edison invented the electric bulb Natural resources were “raped”  Drained, destroyed and exhausted  50% of forest in the United States were destroyed

1900’s Europe 5 out of 10 children die before the age of 10 due to tuberculosis 33% of adults die of TB Older people were still dealing with diphtheria

Sanitation was improved Milk was pasteurized (see next slide) Insulin discovered from gut of cows and horses

; 1981 Many first time discoveries with bacteria DTP  Diphtheria vaccine Polio vaccine AIDS 

Louis Pasteur Responsible for the pasteurization of milk  Worked with Koch  Killed the organism found in milk

Yellow (Jack) Fever High fever Strawberry tongue Hematemesis (h-m-tem—ss)  Vomiting of blood Jaundice  Yellow eyes  Destruction of liver

Yellow Fever in the United States Early 1900’s Rampant in Cuba 20 years before Came from Africa via the slave owners  The slave owners were not immune to the disease as the slaves were 85% of people in Miami died  There was a mortality rate of 65%-85% Congress formed the Yellow Fever Commission

Yellow Fever Commission Carlos Finley was named to be in charge  Read an article from a writer in Cuba  Reproduced the same experiment  Discovered that mosquitoes helped spread the disease

Immune System Investigation

Elie Metchnikoff Observed daphnia flies  Has a small system in a small body  Had red and white blood cells Found that white blood cells ate the yeast cells in the fly  Cells that had invaded the fly  Called it phagocytosis  Further described it in humans Developed the theory of cellular immunity

Paul Ehrich Stated that immunity was due to a chemical in the blood serum  Today it is called the antibody theory Discovered a staining procedure to diagnose cells  Remember, tuberculosis was prevalent and was suddenly, due to a mutation, spreading by air  Pulmonary tuberculosis Syphilis  Tried chemicals  Some were so toxic that some people died from it

Alexander Fleming Streptococcus aures  If the bacteria entered the bloodstream, it normally was fatal Fleming grew colonies of the bacteria on agar plates  Plates became contaminated with a green mold  Penicillin notatum  As the mold expanded, the colonies disappeared  The drug penicillin was discovered  Was termed a “magical drug” Tried it on soldier, and prisoner, during WW2 and they were better the next day  Only worked on gram positive bacteria

Selman Waksman Rutgers's University Stated in his journal that there was something to fight gram negative bacteria Worked on Streptomyces griseus  While working generated the 2 nd antibiotic  Used to kill mycobacterium tuberculosis