Disease I.Disease- A Breakdown of Structures or Function in an Organism II. Types of Disease: A Nutritional B Environmental C.Genetic D. Infectious

III. Nutritional Disease A. Imbalance in the Body Due to Too Little or Too Much of a Nutrient B. Important nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins, water C. Diseases Scurvy- lack of vitamin Obesity anorexia/ bulemia

IV. Infectious Disease A. Disease caused by harmful microorganisms B. Have had dramatic influence on human health and population C. Have greatly influenced history and culture Plague, small pox, malaria, HIV/AIDS D. Types of microorganisms 1. viruses 2. bacteria 3. protists 4. Animal parasites

BacteriaViruses

The Plague /plague/ Host= rats Rattus rattus Pathogen= bacteria Yersinia pestis Vector= Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea)

Malaria- A serious and common tropical disease –Caused by a protist –Found in 100 countries –100 million cases each year –1 million deaths per year –Pathogen= Plasmodium falciparum –Vector= mosquito-Anopholes sp.

Disease Transmission Epidemiology: Pathogen- organism which causes disease Host- organism in which the pathogen lives Mode of Transmission- how you get it –Food –Vector –Water Epidemic- spreading of an infectious disease.

Viruses A.. Structure 1.protein coat protection how a virus identifies and attaches to a host cell. 2. Hereditary Material Inside protein coat Controls production of new viruses

Bacteria- Kingdom Monera Characteristics- –Unicellular –Cell wall –No nucleus –Oldest life on earth- 3.5 billion years –Most numerous –Really small! Structure –Cell parts; cell wall, membrane, DNA, cytoplasm –Some form endospores Reproduction- Binary fission- mitosis

Classified by Shape Spirilli- Bacilli cocci Life Functions: Movement- some have flagella Others are carried within host Energy Some are Heterotrophs others are Autotrophs

Helpful –Used in industry –Food- yogurt, cheese –Decomposers –Nitrogen fixing for plants Harmful Cause disease Spoil food Some disease; plague tularemia relapsing fever Lyme disease spotted fever Tuberculosis diphtheria whooping cough strep throat tetanus cholera leprosy typhoid fever

Vaccines- begins with small pox Smallpox is an ancient infectious disease caused by a virus. Innoculation-variolation- practice of intentionally exposing someone to a mild case of smallpox in hopes of saving their life. Is this a good idea?

Edward Jenner& Vaccination vaccinates James Phipps with cowpox from Sarah Nelmes. Experimented to prove country lore that cowpox would protect against Smallpox “Smallpox is dead!”

Immune Systems Immune System I. Immune System- how our body defends itself against disease A. First line of defense a. Skin b. Mucous c. Cilia d. Tears e. Eyelashes f. Ear wax g. Digestive juices

B. Second line of defense a. Inflammation b. Fever c. Phagocytes WBCs d. Lymph nodes e. Lymphocytes WBCs T-cells: recognize foreign invaders B-cells produce antibodies that work against antigens

II. Immunity- not susceptible A. active a. natural-normal immune response b. artificial- 1. vaccines 2. Edward Jenner- vaccine for small pox B. passive a. natural-mother to fetus b. artificial- from animals (pigs) ex. Tetanus shot

Germ Theory Pasteur 1860s Lister Koch Flemming, Chain and Florey Line drawing of Louis Pasteur drawn by David Wood from Genentech, Inc. Graphics Department. Pasteur; created vaccine for rabbies among other accomplishments.

III. AIDS/HIV