“Uncharted Waters”: The Waterborne Evacuation of Lower Manhattan on September 11 th By Brandi Lea, Dr. James Kendra, & Dr. Tricia Wachtendorf DRC Disaster Research Center

Waterborne Evacuation of Lower Manhattan  Unplanned  Spontaneous  300,000 – 500,000 people evacuated  Boatlift of supplies

Method:  Qualitative Inductive Method  80 participants have been interviewed  Other interviews from newspapers, magazines, & South Street Seaport museum interviews  GIS & Social Network

Findings  Existing Knowledge  Harbor Networks  Harbor Construction

Existing Knowledge  Years working in the harbor  Apprenticeships  Coast Guard Licensing

Harbor Networks  Previous Relationships  Effective communication  Coordination

46 USC Sec  A master or individual in charge of a vessel shall render assistance to any individual found at sea in danger of being lost, so far as the master or individual in charge can do so without serious danger to the master’s or individual’s vessel or individuals on board.

Harbor Construction  City changed harbor  Closed piers  No longer a “working” waterfront

Implications:  Longstanding relationships are the precondition for an effective evacuation  ICS tries to simulate these relationships, but can not always do so  “We didn’t really have time for that.”  Cities on the waterfront need to remember the maritime community

Acknowledgements  Funds for portions of this research were provided by Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake and Engineering Research (MCEER) New Technologies in Emergency Management, No and Measure of Resilience No ; the National Science Foundation; the Public Entity Risk Institute No (Kathleen Tierney, Principal Investigator), National Science Foundation No and (James Kendra and Tricia Wachtendorf, Principal Investigators) and the University of Delaware Research Foundation (Tricia Wachtendorf, Principal Investigator). We are grateful to the South Street Seaport Museum (Mr. Jeffrey Remling, Collections Director) for access to interviews with participants in the waterborne operations. Funding to the museum for these interviews was provided by the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the interviews were conducted by David Tarnow. The authors are responsible for the views presented here.