Bodies defense for dirt, bacteria, and germs.  Epidermis- Outer most layer of skin  Dermis- Thicker layer below the epidermis

 Functions  1. Protect vital organs  2. Acted on by muscles to produce movement.

 Hinge joints- elbow and knee, they move back and forth.  Ball and socket joints- one end of the joint is in the shape of a ball, and the other end of the joint is a cuplike shape.

 Function- absorb shock, allow smooth bone movement, and join structures.

 Function- contraction of muscles allow for acceleration and deceleration of body.  Help maintain normal posture.

 Connect muscle to bone

 Connect bone to bone

 Small, fluid filled sacs, located in joints.  Provide extra cushion for the structures located in the joint.

 Soft-Tissue  Bones

 Sprain  Strain  Incision  Abrasion  Contusion  Laceration  Avulsion  Puncture

 Injury to a ligament

 Injuries to muscles or tendons

 1 st degree (mild)- some stretching, little pain, little swelling, no loss of motion.

 2 nd degree (moderate)- more stretching, some tearing, pain, swelling, and some loss of motion.

 3 rd degree (severe)- complete tear, severe pain, good deal of swelling, loss of motion.

 An open wound made by a cutting object.

 A cut caused by a non-cutting object.

 Results from scrapping off a layer of skin.

 Commonly called a bruise.  Cause: direct blow. Signs/Symptoms: swelling and discoloration.

 The partial tearing away of a body part.

Occurs when a pointed object enters a body part.

 Stage I-Acute Inflammatory

 Stage II-Repair

 Stage III-Remodeling

 Dislocations  Subluxations  Fractures

 When a force displaces the bones that make up a joint, so they no longer are aligned.

 A partial dislocation, or one that does not remain unaligned.

 Avulsion  Stress  Spiral  Longitudinal  Compression  Oblique  Comminuted  Greenstick  Transverse  Depressed  Blowout  Pathological  Epiphyseal

 When a ligament or tendon pulls so hard that the attachment point pulls part of the bone away.

 Occurs when there is repetitive pounding / motion.

 When a torque like force is applied to a bone, and the fracture starts at one end and works its way around the length of the bone.

 A fracture that runs the length of a bone.

 Occurs when opposite forces are applied to a bone at the same time.

 When a bone fractures into pieces.

 Occurs to bones that are not fully developed, and they only break part way through.

 When a fracture occurs straight across a bone.

 Usually occurs from a direct blow to the skull.

 When the eye is pushed so hard into the back of the eye socket.

 When a fracture occurs in the epiphysis (growth plate) of the bone.

 Any fracture where the bone protrudes through the skin.

 Pain  Deformity  Decrease or loss of motion  Swelling  Crepitis

 Stage I-Acute  Stage II-Repair  Stage III-Remodeling