The study of Pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in hematological malignancy patients comparing to general patients who hospitalized in Naresuan.

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The study of Pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in hematological malignancy patients comparing to general patients who hospitalized in Naresuan University Hospital Goo

Researchers Advisor Teerasit Viyanant code 52460420 Chatchawan Aungsirikultumrong code 51460773 Teerasit Viyanant code 52460420 Sireekarn Samanukorn code 52461045 Advisor Dr. Thanakorn Laksomya Dr. Suwit Leartkajonsin This

Agenda Background Objectives Research methodology Result Discussion Conclusion Recommendation Today we are going to present you about our study which contains background objectives research methodology result Discussion Conclusion Recommendation

Background (1) Hematological malignancy patients are the immunocompromised host They have more risk to be infected than general patients Most of the pathogens that cause community acquired pneumonia in these patients are not found in general patients These patients were classified in high risk group with the mortality rate of 24% (KM Sanders, 2006, p89) Hematological malignancy patients are the immunocompromised hosts which have more risk to be infected than general patients and most of the pathogens that cause community acquired pneumonia in these patients are not found in general patients. According to the study of Kevin M Sanders et al, it is found that these patients were classified in high risk group with the mortality rate of 24%

Background (2) Hematological malignancy patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia are the group of patients that have modifying factor The management of this group is different from those of general patients by using broader spectrum antibiotics which are more effective, yet more expensive (Thoracic Society of Thailand, 2544, p11) As for guidelines on the management of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in Thoracic Society of Thailand under Royal Patronage 2544, hematological malignancy patients with CAP are the group of patients that have modifying factor. The management of this group is different from those of general patients by using broader spectrum antibiotics which are more effective, yet more expensive.

Gap of Knowledge Nowadays, guidelines on the management of Community Acquired Pneumonia in Naresuan University hospital are adapted from American Thoracic Society Still, a study on pathogen in hematological malignancy patients with CAP has not been conducted There is a possibility that the pathogens could be either the same or different from those found in general patients Nowadays, guidelines on the management of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in Naresuan University hospital (NUH) are adapted from American Thoracic Society. Still, a study on pathogen in hematological malignancy patients with CAP has not been conducted. There is a possibility that the pathogens could be either the same or different from those found in general patients

Rationale To select proper antibiotics for hematological malignancy patients To study about the risk factor and mortality of Community Acquired Pneumonia Leading to the building of the prevention and health promotion in community and hospital further We are interested to study this subject in order to select proper antibiotics for hematological malignancy patients and also to study about the risk factor and mortality in order to lead to the building of the prevention and health promotion in community and hospital further.

Objective Primary objective Secondary objective To identify the pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia comparing between hematological malignancy patients and general patients in NU hospital Secondary objective To identify the general data, initial antibiotic, and complication of patient with Community Acquired Pneumonia The primary objective of this study was to identify the pathogen of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) between Hematological Malignancy patients and General patients who hospitalized in Naresuan University hospital. The Secondary objective of this study was to identify the demographic data, initial ATB, and complication of patient with CAP who hospitalized in Naresuan University hospital. 8

Research methodology (1) Patient population Data collection Statistical analysis

Research methodology (2) Type of research Retrospective study Cross-sectional descriptive study Source Medical record NU hospital The retrospective and cross sectional descriptive study the reviews of medical records among every patients who admitted with CAP during 1st January 2007 to 30th December 2011. 10

Hematologic malignancy Patient population Patient n=237 Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria Group 1 general patients with CAP Group 2 hematological malignancy patients with cap Age > 15 years D/C less than 3 weeks, Admit more than 48 hr then develop pneumonia, Develop pneumonia after ETT more than 48 hr, Refer form others hospital, HIV , Chronic lung disease, DM, Chronic renal failure, Chronic liver disease, CVA, CHF, Connective tissue disease n=41 Inclusion criteria กลุ่มที 1 ได้รับการวินิจฉัยเป็นโรคปอดอักเสบชุมชน ที่เข้ารับการรักษาในโรงพยาบาลมหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร กลุ่มที่ 2 ได้รับการวินิจฉัยเป็นโรคปอดอักเสบชุมชน และมีประวัติหรือได้รับการวินิจฉัยเป็นโรคมะเร็งเม็ดเลือด ผู้ป่วยทั้งสองกลุ่มต้องมีอายุมากกว่า 15 ปี และได้รับการวินิจฉัยโรคที่ถูกต้องจากแพทย์ และได้เข้ารับการรักษาในโรงพยาบาลมหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวรตามเกณฑ์การเข้ารับการรักษาในโรงพยาบาลของสมาคมอุรุเวชช์แห่งประเทศไทย ในระหว่างเดือน มกราคม 2550 – ธันวาคม 2554 Exclusion criteria ตามที่แสดง General host n=36 Hematologic malignancy N=5 11

Statistical analysis Descriptive study Microsoft office excel STATA Table & Bar chart For the statistical analysis we collect the data using program Microsoft office excel and analyze the date using program STATA and present the information in form of table and Bar chart 12

Data collection (1) This is an example of our data collection form which consist of Sex, age, admission date, discharge date, underlying disease, initial vital signs, O2 saturation, White blood cell count, absolute neutrophil, serum creatinine, complication of disease. 13

Data collection (2) Initial antibiotic, sputum culture and hemoculture 14

Result

Sex Normal host Hematological malignancy จากการวิจัยพบว่ามีผู้ป่วยโรคปอดอักเสบชุมชนในผู้ป่วยสุขภาพดีมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 36 ราย เป็นผู้ป่วยเพศหญิง 24 คน คิดเป็น 66.6% ในขณะที่ผู้ป่วยโรคปอดอักเสบชุมชนในผู้ป่วยมะเร็งเม็ดเลือดมีจำนวนทั้งสิ้น 5 ราย เป็นเพศชายมากกว่าเพศหญิง โดยมีเพศชายจำนวน 4 คน คิดเป็น 80 % The result found out that the numbers of community acquired pneumonia patients in general patients are 36 cases. 24 cases are females which are about 66.6%. Whiles in hematologic malignancy patients are 5 cases. There are more males than females. The numbers of male patients are 4 cases or 80%. 16

Age Hematological malignancy Normal host 50% สำหรับด้านอายุ พบว่าผู้ป่วยโรคปอดอักเสบชุมชนในผู้ป่วยสุขภาพดีผู้ป่วยที่มีอายุมากกว่าหรือเท่ากับ65ปี มีจำนวน 18 ราย หรือ คิดเป็น 50% เป็นในขณะที่โรคปอดอักเสบชุมชนในผู้ป่วยโรคมะเร็งเม็ดเลือดทั้งหมดเป็นผู้ป่วยที่มีอายุมากกว่าหรือเท่ากับ65ปี For the aged range found out that the numbers of general patients who are in the range of 65 years old or above, are 18 cases or 50%. Whiles in hematologic malignancy patients are in the range of 65 years old or above, is 100%. 17

Hematological malignancy Initial laboratory(1) Initial laboratory Normal host Hematological malignancy NO. of cases % of cases White blood cell count (cells/mm3) < 1500 1,500 – 5,000 5,001 – 10,000 10,001 – 15,000 15,001 – 20,000 20,001 – 25,000 25,001 – 30,000 > 30,000 1 17 8 4 5 2.78 47.22 22.22 11.11 13.89 2 20 40 ด้านผลตรวจทางห้องปฏิบัติการเบื้องต้น พบว่า กลุ่มผู้ป่วยสุขภาพดี มีจำนวนเม็ดเลือดขาว 5,001-10,000 มากที่สุด คือ 17 ราย คิดเป็น 47.22% รองลงมาจะมีจำนวนเม็ดเลือดขาว 10,001-15,000 คือ 8 ราย คิดเป็น 22.22% ต่างจากในผู้ป่วย กลุ่มมะเร็งเม็ดเลือดที่มีจำนวนเม็ดเลือดขาว 10,001-15,000 มากที่สุด คือ 2 ราย คิดเป็น 40% และจากนั้นมีค่ากระจายกัน โดยพบผู้ป่วยที่มีจำนวนเม็ดเลือดขาว น้อยกว่า1500 1 รายคิดเป็น 20% และ พบมากกว่า 30000 1ราย คิดเป็น 20%เช่นกัน ซึ่งในผู้ป่วยกลุ่มสุขภาพดี ไม่มีจำนวนเม็ดเลือดขาวน้อยกว่า1500หรือมากกว่า30000 เลย The initial laboratory results showed that General patients . 5,001-10,000 white blood cell count are 17 cases, representing 47.22 %, 10,001-15,000 are 8 cases, representing 22.22% of the patients. The number of white blood cells in hematologic malignancy patients . 10,001-15,000 most two cases, representing 40 % and then have the same distribution . In patients with white blood cell count less than 1 in 1500 cases, representing 20 % and found more than 30,000 cases, representing 20 %, In General patients . No white blood cell count is less than 1500 or greater than 30000 . 18

Hematological malignancy (%) Initial laboratory(2) Initial laboratory Normal host (%) Hematological malignancy (%) NO. of cases % of cases Absolute neutrophil count < 500 500 – 999 1,000 – 1,499 1,500 – 2,000 > 2,000 36 100 2 3 40 60 ค่า ANC ในกลุ่มผู้ป่วยสุขภาพดี ทั้งหมด มีค่ามากกว่า 2000 แต่สำหรับในกลุ่มผู้ป่วยมะเร็งเม็ดเลือด มีค่า ANC มากกว่า 2,000 มากที่สุดคือจำนวน 3 คน คิดเป็น 60% รองลงมามีค่า ANC < 500 จำนวน 2คน คิดเป็น 40% For ANC value in healthy patients, they all have over 2000. Whiles in hematologic malignancy patients who have ANC value greater than 2000 are 3 cases,representing 60%. Secondly, the ANC value with less than 500 are 2 cases, representing 40%. 19

Initial antibiotic ต่อไปเป็นกราฟแสดงการใช้ยาต้านเชื้อจุลชีพเบื้องต้น ในกลุ่มผู้ป่วยสุขภาพดี ใช้ ceftriaxone และ ceftriaxone ร่วมกับ Clarithromycin มากที่สุดจำนวนผู้ใช้เท่ากัน คือมีจำนวนชนิดละ 7 ราย คิดเป็น 19.44% รองลงมาใช้ Amoxicillin/clavulanate และ Ceftriaxone ร่วมกับ azithromycin จำนวนเท่ากันคือ ชนิดละ 3 ราย คิดเป็น 8.33% รองมาใช้ Amoxicillin และ Clarithromycin จำนวนผู้ใช้เท่ากันคือ 2 ราย คิดเป็น 5.56 % น้อยที่สุด 1 ราย หรือ 2.78 % ใช้ยาต้านเชื้อจุลชีพเบื้องต้นหลากหลายต่างกันไป เช่น ceftazidime, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Doxycycline, Moxifloxacin, Amoxicillin/ Clavulanate ร่วมกับCeftriaxone , Ceftriaxone ร่วมกับ Roxithromycin , Ceftriaxone ร่วมกับDoxycycline, Ceftriaxone ร่วมกับLevofloxacin,Piperacillin/Tazobactam ร่วมกับLevofloxacin และ Cefotaxime ร่วมกับLevofloxacin ต่างจากผู้ป่วยกลุ่มผู้ป่วยมะเร็งเม็ดเลือดที่ใช้ต้านเชื้อจุลชีพเบื้องต้นไม่หลากหลายเท่า โดยใช้ Ceftriaxone และ ceftazidime มากที่สุด คือ ชนิดละ 2 คน คิดเป็น 40% รองลงมาเป็น Clarithromycin จำนวน 1 ราย คิดเป็น20% จะเห็นว่าผู้ป่วยมะเร็งเม็ดเลือด ไม่ได้ใช้ยาต้านเชื้อจุลชีพเบื้องต้นแบบ 2 ชนิดขึ้นไปเลย Using antimicrobial in the general patients, they used the most ceftriaxone and ceftriaxone with Clarithromycin which both users were 19.44% per each. Secondly, the patients used Amoxicillin/clavulanate and Ceftriaxone with azithromycin which both users were 8.33% per each. Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin users were 5.56%. The other were 2.78% who used various antimicrobial, such as, ceftazidime, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Doxycycline, Moxifloxacin, Amoxicillin/ Clavulanate with Ceftriaxone , Ceftriaxone with Roxithromycin , Ceftriaxone with Doxycycline, Ceftriaxone with Levofloxacin, Piperacillin/Tazobactam with Levofloxacin, and Cefotaxime with Levofloxacin. The Leucaemia patients did not use as various antimicrobial as the healthy patients that they used the most Ceftriaxone and ceftazidime as 40%. Second, they used Clarithromycin as 20%. It indicated that the Leucaemia patients did not use more 2 types of antimicrobial. 20

Sputum culture (1) K.pneumoniae Candida albican Serratia spp. Klebsiella pneumonia & Haemophilus influenzae. Non fermented gram negative bacilli (MDR) & Candida albican ต่อไปเป็นกราฟแสดงผลเพาะเชื้อจากเสมหะในกลุ่มผู้ป่วยสุขภาพดี จะเห็นว่าผู้ป่วยส่วนใหญ่ไม่มีผลการเพาะเชื้อจากเสมหะ คือจำนวน 16 ราย คิดเป็น 44.44% สำหรับที่มีผู้ป่วยที่มีผลการพบเชื้อ พบว่า ไม่มีเชื้อขึ้น พบมากที่สุด คือ 12 ราย คิดเป็น 33.33% รองลงมาพบเชื้อ Klebsiella pneumoniae และ normal flora ในจำนวนผู้ป่วยเท่ากันคือ ชนิดละ 2 ราย คิดเป็น 5.56% สำหรับผู้ป่วยที่เชื้อขึ้นว่าเป็น Candida albican , serratia spp., Klebsiella pneumonia & Haemophilus influenzae, Non fermented gram negative bacilli ซึ่งเป็น multi drug resistant พบร่วมกับ cabndida albican พบในผู้ป่วยจำนวนเท่ากัน คือ 1ราย คิดเป็นอย่างละ 2.78% Result of sputum culture in the general patients, it indicated that the most patients had no result (44.44%). For the patients who had the result, most sputum culture revealed negative for any pathogen(33.33%). Secondly, Klebsiella pneumoniae and normal flora(5.56%) were found respectively. For hemoculture result in general patients, most patients had no growth of pathogen (61.11%). Secondly, Streptococcus spp.(5.56%), K.pneumoniae, Staphylococcus coagulase negative, and normal flora (2.78%). In hematological malignancy patients, most patients had no result of hemoculture (60%). Normal flora No growth 21

Sputum culture (2) P. aeruginosa Normal flora เทียบกับกราฟแสดงผลเพาะเชื้อจากเสมหะในกลุ่มผู้ป่วยมะเร็งเม็ดเลือด จะเห็นว่าผู้ป่วยส่วนใหญ่ไม่มีผลการเพาะเชื้อจากเสมหะเช่นกัน คือจำนวน 2 รายคิดเป็น 40% สำหรับที่มีผู้ป่วยที่มีผลการพบเชื้อ พบว่าเชื้อที่พบมีจำนวนเท่ากันอย่างละรายคิดเป็น 20 % ได้แก่ Yeast, Pseudomonas aeruginosa และ Normal flora จะเห็นว่าเชื้อที่ขึ้นมีความแตกต่างกับเชื้อที่ขึ้นในผู้ป่วยสุขภาพดีชัดเจน In the group of hematologic malignancy patients there were no result of sputum culture(40%), Yeast(20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(20%) and Normal flora(20%). Hematological malignancy (%) N = 5 22

Hemoculture (1) K.pneumoniae Normal flora Normal host (%) N = 36 ต่อไปเป็นกราฟแสดงผลเพาะเชื้อจากเลือดในกลุ่มผู้ป่วยสุขภาพดี จะเห็นว่าผู้ป่วยส่วนใหญ่ไม่มีเชื้อขึ้น ซึ่งคือมีจำนวนทั้งหมด 22 ราย คิดเป็น 61.11% รองลงมาขึ้นเป็น Streptococcus spp. จำนวน 2 ราย คิดเป็น 5.56% ผู้ป่วยที่เหลืออย่างละรายขึ้นเป็น Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus coagulase negative และ normal flora คิดเป็นชนิดละ 2.78 % นอกจากนี้ผู้ป่วยอีก 9 คน ไม่มีผลเพาะเชื้อจากเลือด คิดเป็น 25% For hemoculture result in general patients, most patients had no growth of pathogen (61.11%). Secondly, Streptococcus spp.(5.56%), K.pneumoniae, Staphylococcus coagulase negative, and normal flora (2.78%). Normal host (%) N = 36 23

Hemoculture (2) K.pneumoniae Normal flora เทียบกับกราฟแสดงผลเพาะเชื้อจากเลือดในกลุ่มผู้ป่วยมะเร็งเม็ดเลือด จะเห็นว่าผู้ป่วยส่วนใหญ่ไม่มีผลการเพาะเชื้อจากเลือด คือจำนวน 3 รายคิดเป็น 60% ผู้ป่วยที่เหลืออีก 2 คน คิดเป็น 40% ไม่ขึ้นเชื้อในการเพาะเชื้อจากเลือด In hematological malignancy patients, most patients had no result of hemoculture (60%). and hemoculture negative (40%). Hematological malignancy (%) N = 5 24

Discussion (1) The study showed that in general patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia, there were female patients more than male patients In hematological malignancy patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia there were more male patients than female patients Most patients are 65 years old and above in both groups The study of Pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in hematological malignancy patients comparing to general patients who hospitalized in Naresuan University Hospital is the descriptive, retrospective study which was conducted in NUH through the reviews of medical records among patients admitted with CAP during 1st January 2007 to 30th December 2011. The patients were classified into two groups either general patients or hematological malignancy patients. The data of initial sputum culture and hemoculture were collected and statistically interpreted in terms of frequency and percentage of distribution The study showed that in general patients with Community acquired pneumonia, there were female patients more than male patients but in hematological malignancy patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia there were more male patients than female patients. Most patients are 65 years old and above in both groups.

Discussion (2) The pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in hematological malignancy patients are different from those detected in general patients In general patients, most sputum culture revealed negative for any pathogen Secondly, Klebsiella pneumoniae and normal flora were found respectively Different from the result in Wattanatum A. et al study about Community Acquired Pneumonia in Southeast Asia Their study showed that most pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia was Streptococcus pneumoniae Secondaly Chlamydia pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found respectively (Wattanatum A,et al. ,2003) The study found that the pathogens causing CAP in hematological malignancy patients are different from those detected in general patients. In general patients, most sputum culture revealed negative for any pathogen. Secondly, Klebsiella pneumoniae and normal flora were found respectively which was different from the result in Wattanatum A. et al study about Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Southeast Asia. Their study showed that most pathogens causing CAP was Streptococcus pneumoniae. Secondaly Chlamydia pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found respectively

Discussion (3) Most pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in hematological malignancy patients were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and yeast which were not found in general patients at all On the other hand, most pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in hematological malignancy patients were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and yeast which were not found in general patients at all. 27

Discussion (4) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Mycloplasma pneumoniae were not found in both the sputum culture and hemoculture Different from the result in Wattanatum A. et al study about Community Acquired Pneumonia in Southeast Asia (Wattanatum A,et al. ,2003) This result might be caused by the sensitivity problem that both of hemoculture and sputum culture only have about 10% of sensitivity And as you can see from our study, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Mycloplasma pneumoniaem which were the most pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in Thailand, were not found in both the sputum culture and hemoculture. This result might be caused by the sensitivity problem that both of hemoculture and sputum culture only have about 10% of sensitivity. Consequently, the pathogens couldn’t be found

Discussion (5) The most initial antibiotic used in general patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia 1. ceftriaxone and ceftriaxone with clarithromycin 2. amoxicillin/clavulanate and ceftriaxone with azithromycin These initial antibiotic could cover the pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in general patients who admitted in Naresuan University Hospital The study showed that most initial antibiotic used in general patients with community acquired pneumonia were ceftriaxone and ceftriaxone with Clarithromycin, Secondaly were Amoxicillin/clavulanate and Ceftriaxone with azithromycin These initial antibiotic could cover the pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in general patients who admitted in Naresuan University Hospital

Discussion (6) The most initial antibiotic used in hematological malignancy patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia 1. ceftriaxone and ceftazidime 2. clarithromycin These initial antibiotic couldn’t cover the pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in hematological malignancy patients who admitted in Naresuan University Hospital which were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Yeast On the other hand, The most initial antibiotic used in hematological malignancy patients with community acquired pneumonia were Ceftriaxone and ceftazidime .Secondaly were Clarithromycin. These initial antibiotic couldn’t cover the pathogens causing Community Acquired Pneumonia in hematological malignancy patients who admitted in Naresuan University Hospital which were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Yeast

Conclusion The pathogens in hematological malignancy patient are different from general patient The initial antibiotic doesn’t cover this pathogens In conclusion , the study found that the pathogen causing community acquired pneumonia in hematological malignancy patient are different from general patient. The initial antibiotic that NU hospital possess does not cover this pathogens. 31

Recommendation (1) The selection of antibiotic for treatment should cover the pathogens The patient should be taken sputum culture and hemoculture We recommend that the antibiotic should be adapt, in order to have an effect on this pathogen especially P. aeruginosa and fungi. The patient who admit with signs and symptoms of pneumonia should be taken sputum culture and hemoculture. 32

Recommendation (2) Study in different population DM Patient on immunosuppressant Other malignancy Study in out-patient department Furthermore the study should be taken from others type of population DM, Patient with immunosuppressive drug, other type of malignancy, out patient department 33

References (1) British Thoracic Society. (2009). Thorax an international journal of respiratory medicine 2009 Guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax, 64(3). 1-55 KM Sanders, TK Marras, CKM Chan. (2006). Pneumonia severity index in the immunocompromised. Can Respir J, 13(2). 89-93. M B Feinstein. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New york. Pneumonia in the immunocompromise host. (2006). Elsevier : New York. 466-474 Robert H. Rubin and JAY A. Fishman. Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host. (2001). Academic/Plenum : New York. 321-335.

References (2) Wattanatum A,et al. (2003). Community-acquired pneumonia in Southeast- Asia : the microbial different between ambulatory and hospitalized patients. Chest 2003, 123. 1512-1519. Wipa Reechaipichitkul and Veeradej Pisprasert. (2004). Severe Community – Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) treated at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Helath, 35(2). 430-433. สมาคมอุรเวชช์แห่งประเทศไทย. แนวทางการรักษาโรคปอดอักเสบชุมชนในประเทศไทย(สำหรับผู้ใหญ่) . (2544). สมาคมอุรเวชช์แห่งประเทศไทย : กรุงเทพฯ. 3 – 16. วิภา รีชัยพิชิตกุล. (2554). Pneumonia in ambulatory care. วารสารอายุรศาสตร์อีสาน, 10(3). 83 – 93.

References (3) วัชรี แก้วนอกเขา. (2554). โรคปอดอักเสบ ประเทศไทย ปี พ.ศ. 2548-2553. Weekly epidemiological Surveillance report, 43. 90-98.

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