Basic Botany Part 2

REVIEW

Transpiration Loss of water (as vapor) from a plant Water evaporates into air spaces within the leaf Vapor diffuses out of the leaf through structures called stomata Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in order to form an equilibrium.

Path of water through the plant

Functions of Transpiration Moves minerals up the stem Maintains cell turgidity Cools plant

Regulating Factors Opening and closing of stomata. Amount of soil water Air temperature Light Humidity Wind

FLOWERS Functions Sexual Reproduction Fruit and Seed Production

Flower Parts Sterile parts – sepals (protect bud)-called calyx before bud opens: petals (attract insects or birds for pollination)- jointly called a corolla. Fertile parts – stamen (filament and anther) are the male parts: pistil (stigma, style, ovary, and ovule) comprise the female parts.

Flower Types Complete – all parts present. eg. Rose Incomplete – missing one or more parts Perfect – has both stamen and pistil. Imperfect – either staminate or pistillate

Imperfect Flowers Monoecious Dioecious LOOK AT ALSTROMERIA AND CARNATION. Alstromeria is a monocot with 3 sepals, 3 petals, 6 stamens, and 3 stigmas. Carnation is a dicot with 5 sepals (fused), 5 petals (or multiples of 5). Stamens fused to petals (multiples of 5), and 2 styles.

Pollination Pollen and ovule are haploid (monoploid). The seed inside the ovule is diploid after fertilization.

Types of Fruit Simple Aggregate Multiple LOOK AT PEANUT, SUNFLOWER SEEDS, STRAWBERRIES, and PEA PODS.

Plant Physiology Internal Plant Structures Xylem Phloem Xylem (wood) -thick-walled, tube like cells -stacked one on top of another -upward transport of water and minerals Phloem -thin-walled, tube-like cells downward transport of sugars mostly

Root Organization Meristematic Tissues Mature Tissues Meristematic tissues are embryonic tissues. -occurs at the root tip -as it develops it changes into the zone of elongation and then the zone of maturation -has a root cap for protection Mature tissues include the xylem and phloem in a simple cylinder, and an outer cortex for storage.

Meristematic Tissues in Stems Mature tissues, xylem and phloem, are found on the next three slides

Stem Organization Monocot

Stem Organization Herbaceous Dicots

Stem Organization Woody Dicot

Leaf Organization

Plant Processes Transpiration Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis Conversion of light energy into stable chemical energy (sugar). Plant converts sugars into long-term storage products including starches, oils, and proteins.

Factors Regulating Photosynthesis Concentration of carbon dioxide in plant. Availability of water. Temperature.

Cellular Respiration Breakdown of “foods” to release useable energy. Uses energy for growth and reproduction.

Comparison Photosynthesis to Respiration

Control of Plant Growth External (Environmental) Water Temperature Light Water uses such processes as transpiration (permanent wilting point) as well as a cutin layer (cuticle) over the epidermis, and the stomata. Temperature needs to be between 45 and 95 degree fahrenheit. Light involves color, direction (phototropism) and duration (photoperiodism).