Chapter 5 Section 3

Major goals of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention included A.Careful revision of each article of the Articles of Confederation B.Preservation of the Union C.Creation of a stronger national government D.Restricting democracy in the several states

THE STRUGGLE FOR RATIFICATION: Problem: Rhode Island – boycotted Const. Convention Solution: After 9 states ratify, Const. in effect in those states Effect: Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island are last states to ratify DEBATE RAGES!!! TO RATIFY OR NOT!!!

FEDERALISTS (MADISONIANS) ANTI-FEDERALISTS (JEFFERSONIANS) Anti-federalists: AGAINST RATIFICATION WHY: Suspect the elite, suspicious of tyranny WHO: Poor farmers, frontiersmen, states’ rights advocates Federalists: FOR RATIFICATION WHY: Stability and Strength needed to secure economy and the high seas WHO: Propertied classes, merchants, bankers

Who were some famous Americans in favor of ratification? Who were some of the famous Americans opposed to ratification? Why were they opposed?

Map: Federalist and Antifederalist Strongholds, Federalist and Antifederalist Strongholds, Federalists drew their primary backing from densely populated areas along major transportation routes, where trade, mobility, and frequent contact with people in other states encouraged a nationalistic identity. Antifederalist support came from interior regions where geographic isolation bred a localistic perspective. However, some westerners, especially in Georgia and western Virginia, voted for a strong central government that would push back the Indians or the Spanish. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

FEDERALIST PAPERS A series of essays written by Madison, Hamilton, et al. to create support for ratification in New York, most famous was Federalist #10 AMONG the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed Union, none deserves to be more accurately developed than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction. …By a faction, I understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adversed to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. …The inference to which we are brought is, that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its EFFECTS. …From this view of the subject it may be concluded that a pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit of no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A republic, by which I mean a government in which the scheme of representation takes place, opens a different prospect, and promises the cure for which we are seeking. …The two great points of difference between a democracy and a republic are: first, the delegation of the government, in the latter, to a small number of citizens elected by the rest; secondly, the greater number of citizens, and greater sphere of country, over which the latter may be extended. …A rage for paper money, for an abolition of debts, for an equal division of property, or for any other improper or wicked project, will be less apt to pervade the whole body of the Union than a particular member of it; in the same proportion as such a malady is more likely to taint a particular county or district, than an entire State.

The Federal Procession in New York The unknown artist of The Federal Procession in New York, 1788, captured the jubilant mood of Americans as they celebrated their new Constitution with parades, bonfires, and banquets. As the "Ship of State" float indicates, New Yorkers were particularly eager to acknowledge the role of their own Alexander Hamilton in launching the new government. (Library of Congress) The Federal Procession in New York Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is a compromise between the Federalists/Madison and the AntiFederalists/Jefferson. Why? (See page 141)

Which groups were not included in the rights and freedoms created by the Bill of rights and the Constitution? Why?

ARTICLES Two levels Equal Small &Large states fight No courts No fed power STATES power Makeshift NO COMPROMISE EQUALITY LIBERTY CONSTITUTION Senate House Different powers Small &Large states COMPROMISE States/feds/people Thought out/ debate ORDER vs. liberty SIMILAR  REPUBLICANISM  Large states and small states still have influence  Fear of tyranny  Fear of people voting directly  Wealthy hold most power  Debt is a problem  Equality? of Women? of Slaves? of Native Amer.?

ARTICLES Two levels Equal S&L fight No courts No fed power STATES power Makeshift NO COMPRO EQUALITY LIBERTY SIMILAR Large states and small states still have influence Fear tyranny Fear people Wealthy win Debt Women? Slaves? Equalty? REPUBLIC CONSTITUTION Senate House Different powers S&L COMPROM States/feds/peo ple Thoughtout/deb ate ORDER liberty

NW Land Ord., Const.Convention GW President Const. Ratified Art.Conf. Treaty of Paris Land Ord. Annapolis Convention, Shay’s starts 9 th State Ratifies Const. Bill Rights

Was the Bill of Rights evolutionary or revolutionary? Compromise Complete change Rights and freedoms No one overthrown Balance Other compromises Gradual Federalists and Anti-Feds Madison Jefferson Ratification Trust Peaceful Voters Constitution

THEMES Order Compromise Balance Liberty Rights Government Egalitarianism Federal Republic Democracy Representation Evolution/revolution

John Marshall by Charles B.J. Fevret De St. Memin, crayon, 1801 John Marshall (1755–1835) was chief justice of the United States from 1801– He posed for this portrait by the French artist Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret de Saint-Memin in 1801, the year he joined the Court. The artist captured the power and strength with which Marshall would dominate the Court. (Duke University Archives) John Marshall by Charles B.J. Fevret De St. Memin, crayon, 1801 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.