The Road to Revolution,

The Road to Revolution THEME: The American Revolution occurred because the American colonists, who had long been developing a strong sense of autonomy and self- government, furiously resisted British attempts to impose tighter imperial controls and higher taxes after the end of the French and Indian War in The sustained conflict over political authority and taxation, enhanced by American agitators and British bungling, gradually moved Americans from asserting fights within the British Empire to openly warring with the mother country.

Stamp Act protest A Boston crowd burns bundles of the special watermarked paper intended for use as stamps. (Library of Congress) Stamp Act protest Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. STAMP ACT PROTESTS IN MARYLAND

Sugar Act of 1764 – control trade b/w colonies and West Indies Stamp Act of 1765A DIRECT TAX Quartering Act of 1765 – troops from Fr&Ind War Townsend Acts of INDIRECT duty tax, esp.on tea March 5, 1770 – “Boston Massacre” “Intolerable Acts” of 1774 – targeted Boston April 1775, Lexington and Concord Impending Storm

NOTEWORTHY: The Townshend Act only collected £259 for the Crown, while it cost the Crown £170,000 to enforce it. Britain suspended all the taxes, except for the tax on tea.

Boston Massacre Shortly after this incident, one Bostonian observed that "unless there is some great alteration in the state of things, the era of the independence of the colonies is much nearer than I once thought it, or now wish it." (Library of Congress) Boston Massacre Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Colonial Resistance Stamp Act Congress of 1765 – attempt at colonial unity 1772 – Sam Adams forms first Committee of Correspondence “non-importation” and “tar and feathers” Dec. 16, 1773 – Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress called in 1774-complete boycott April 1775 Colonial Militia fight at Lexington & Concord

The Edenton Ladies' Tea Party In October 1774, fifty-one women gathered at Edenton, North Carolina, and declared it their "duty" to support the boycotting of all British imports. Nevertheless, the British man who drew this cartoon chose to satirize the event as an unruly "tea party." (Library of Congress) The Edenton Ladies' Tea Party Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Alternative of Williamsburg by Philip Dawe, 1775 In this cartoon, drawn by Philip Dawe in 1775, armed patriots in Williamsburg, Virginia, obtain a merchant's written agreement not to import British goods. The "alternative" is the containers of tar and feathers hanging in the background. (Library of Congress ) MARYLAND GAZETTE The Alternative of Williamsburg by Philip Dawe, 1775 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

TEA ACT PROTEST IN MARYLAND Burning of the Peggy Stuart 1774 Primary Document Maryland Gazette

Boston Tea Party In this 1775 drawing of the Boston Tea Party, bare-chested Americans, their hair pulled back Indian-fashion, pour tea into the harbor. The British lion appears as the figurehead of the tea ship, in case the true object of the protest was in doubt. The artist also added a large crowd of colonists content to watch rather than do anything to prevent this destruction of private property. (Library of Congress) Boston Tea Party Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The First Battles in the War for Independence, 1775 The First Battles in the War for Independence, 1775 This map shows the British march to Concord and the routes taken by the three Americans who alerted the countryside of the enemy's approach. Although Paul Revere was captured by the British and did not complete his ride, he is the best remembered and most celebrated of the nightriders who spread the alarm. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Second Continental Congress Independencevs. John Adams Appoints General Washington head of Continental Congress Prints currency Sends Benjamin Franklin to France Battle of Bunker Hill Reconciliation William Franklin John Dickinson “Olive Branch Petition”  Rejected by George III, who ordered a blockade of the colonies

Battle of Breeds Hill (AKA Bunker Hill)

CASUALTIES: British: out of 2,200 troops, 268 British soldiers and officers KIA, 828 WIA. Americans: 115 KIA, 305 WIA (NPS)

A View of the Town of Concord, 1775 In 1775 an unknown artist painted the redcoats entering Concord. The fighting at North Bridge, which occurred just a few hours after this triumphal entry, signaled the start of open warfare between Britain and the colonies. (Courtesy of Concord Museum, Concord, Massachusetts) A View of the Town of Concord, 1775 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Growing Conflict LEXINGTON AND CONCORD STAMP ACT SUGAR ACT

Growing Conflict LEXINGTON AND CONCORD INTOLERABLE ACTS BOSTON TEA PARTY COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE BOSTON MASSACRE TOWNSHEND ACT STAMP ACT SUGAR ACT

Advantage? Disadvantage? GREAT BRITAIN Pop. of 7.5 million Prof. Army of 50,000 Hessian mercenaries Royal treasury Royal navy Divided parliament Long lines of supply Poor generalship More cannon, arms, &powder Many Colonials remain loyal Emancipated slaves join GB COLONIALS Pop. Of 2.5 million Small, untrained militia No centralized govt. No treasury No navy Angry France, Irish problem for GB Defending homes Washington, Franklin Few armories, little powder

Map: The War in the North The War in the North The early phase of the Revolutionary War was dominated by British troop movements in the Boston area, the redcoats' evacuation to Nova Scotia in the spring of 1776, and the subsequent British invasion of New York and New Jersey. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

How did the various English colonists come to see themselves as “Americans”?

George Washington's copy of Common Sense That America's patriot leaders read Thomas Paine's inflammatory Common Sense soon after it was published in early 1776 is indicated by this first edition, owned by George Washington himself. (Boston Athenaeum) George Washington's copy of Common Sense Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Ideas of Revolution “ Common Sense” by Thomas Paine Originally an anonymous work Firmly introduces call for independence Calls for an end to monarchy and the beginning of a republic Declaration of Independence Continental Congress appoints a committee to prepare a declaration Thomas Jefferson chosen to express declaration Draws on philosophy of the Enlightenment Ideas of John Locke, “natural rights” Right to resist tyranny