DNA Structure And Replication Protein Synthesis Potpourri Transformation And Biotechnology Other Biotechnology Issues

This is the complete name for DNA.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

These two molecules are a part of a nucleotide and make up the backbone of DNA.

Sugar and Phosphate *The 3 parts of a nucleotide are the phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogen containing base.

Thymine is the complement to this nitrogenous base.

Adenine Complementary base pairs are: Adenine : Thymine Cytosine : Guanine

When new bases attach to their complementary pairs on the old strand of DNA, this replication is called: a. conservative b. semi-conservative c. independent

Semi-conservative *1/2 of the “old” strand is conserved during DNA replication

This molecule connects the new bases to the old bases in DNA replication.

DNA Polymerase *Helicase unzips the DNA Ligase connects the nucleotides

DNA contains genes that code for these macrocolecules.

Proteins

This process occurs in the nucleus when mRNA copies a strand of DNA.

Transcription *mRNA is a single-stranded molecule and takes the “instructions” out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

A codon on mRNA reads AUG. This codon is translated to be this amino acid.

Methionine *Amino acids are brought to the mRNA strand by tRNA, whose complementary base pairs match up with the mRNA.

A DNA strand of TAC GCG CCT will have these tRNA bases associated with it.

UAC GCG CCU *They only differ by the Uracil replacing the Thyamine

In the train analogy of protein synthesis, the train pulling into the station best describes the beginning of this process. (hint: mRNA pulling into the ribosome).

Translation

A mutation occurring at a single point in the DNA sequence is known as this type of mutation.

Point Mutation

Point mutations include nucleotide substitutions, while frameshift mutations include what DNA changes.

Deletions and Additions

In order to catch a thief through genetic evidence, scientists must first use this process to make enough extra DNA for analysis.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

These can be used to identify individuals. They are found through gel electrophoresis.

DNA Fingerprints *Different sized fragments of DNA

This characteristic of an agarose gel provides the perfect environment for the separation of DNA fragments.

A gel is porous. Also acceptable: the ability for the gel to carry an electric current.

Bacteria are prokaryotes and some have this type of DNA which makes inserting genes easy for scientists.

DNA Plasmid

When the plasmid of a bacteria contains a foreign gene (or a gene of interest), the DNA plasmid is called this to be more specific.

Recombinant DNA

These are used to cut DNA into fragments. This can be used to cut a gene of interest out of, say, eukaryotic DNA.

Restriction Enzymes

When bacteria take in a plasmid of recombinant DNA, the bacteria has undergone this process.

Transformation

This substance determined the expression of the pGLO gene in the transformation lab. (Hint: the presence of a certain molecule triggered the gene to turn on and glow).

Arabinose *this sugar controlled the gene expression on the plates.

This scientific technology means to carry molecules by the way of electricity.

Electrophoresis *scientists can use this technology to prepare DNA fingerprints

During electrophoresis, DNA fragments move across the gel due to this property of the DNA.

Negative Charge *DNA moves from negative to positive on the agarose gel.

Who’s blood is this?

John

These are unspecialized cells that have the potential to differentiate and could be used to replace cells in the body that could no longer replicate, like spinal cord injuries.

Stem Cells

Many products lack this label in the United States. These products contain ingredients that may have been raised or grown with their genetic material altered in some way.

Genetically Modified Products * GM Products