©2009, TESCCC Countries of East Asia

©2009, TESCCC

REGIONS OF EAST ASIA  CHINA PROPER- Eastern half  XIZANG (TIBET)- Mountains and high plateaus; sparsely populated  XINJIANG- Desert basins and mountains; a cultural contact zone with Islam  MONGOLIA- A desert; buffer between Russia and China  THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE Japan, South Korea, Taiwan

©2009, TESCCC Cultural Characteristics of East Asia  WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM-1.28 Billion people (1/5 of world)  One of the world’s earliest cultural hearths  Population concentrations in the East

©2009, TESCCC CHINA’S RELATIVE LOCATION  ISOLATION Natural Protective Barriers  EFFECTS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN A history of emperors who restricted the use of the coastline. Today the ocean is playing a major role in the economic transformation of COASTAL CHINA.

©2009, TESCCC Historical Perspectives: China  Continuous civilization for over 4,000 years  View of China as the center of the civilized world.  Historically China is a closed society

©2009, TESCCC CONFUCIUS  China’s most influential philosopher and teacher  Emphasized that human virtues, rather than godly connections, should determine a person’s place in society.  Teaching have dominated Chinese life and thought for more than 20 centuries.

©2009, TESCCC

Buddhism Taoism Lao-tzuBuddha

©2009, TESCCC The Great Wall

©2009, TESCCC

CHINA’S POLITICAL MAP  4 CENTRAL-GOVERNMENT-ADMINISTERED MUNICIPALITIES BEIJING (CAPITAL); TIANJIN (PORT CITY); SHANGHAI (LARGEST CITY); CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT)  5 AUTONOMOUS REGIONS NEI MONGOL (INNER MONGOLIA); NINGXIA HUI; XINJIANG UYGUR (NW); GUANGXI ZHUANG (SOUTH); XIZANG (TIBET)  22 PROVINCES LARGER IN THE WEST

©2009, TESCCC Chinese Leaders in the 20th Century  Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists)  Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)- leader of Communist Party  Deng Xiao Ping- replaced Mao- created the Chinese socialist market economy  Hu Jintao ( ) Present leader

©2009, TESCCC MAO’S CHINA: COMMUNISM RISES  1950s Communist Regime launched massive programs of reform  Farming was collectivized  Industries were reorganized as state-owned enterprises  Dramatic social changes- education, religion, population growth

©2009, TESCCC DENG XIAOPING ERA  Took power in 1979  Attempted to unite Communist political rule with capitalist economic practices = Socialist Market Economy  Decentralized decision-making

©2009, TESCCC ECONOMIC INITIATIVES  SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES 6 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS LESSENED  OPEN CITIES INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI  OPEN COASTAL AREAS ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS

©2009, TESCCC SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES  INVESTOR INCENTIVES  LOW TAXES  EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS  SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES  HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED  PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)

©2009, TESCCC ETHNIC GROUPS

©2009, TESCCC  Chinese is one of the world’s oldest active languages.  Spoken Chinese varies dialect to dialect although the characters (over 50,000) used to represent the language remain the same.  Since Chinese is written in characters rather than by a phonetic alphabet, Chinese words must be translated so foreigners can pronounce them. LANGUAGES

©2009, TESCCC PINYIN  THE MOST ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF ROMANIZING CHINESE ChineseTranslation BeiNorth NanSouth XiWest DongEast JingCapital ShanMountain HeRiver (in the north) JiangRiver (in the south)

©2009, TESCCC XIZANG (TIBET)  A harsh physical environment  Sparsely populated  Came under Chinese control during the Manchu Dynasty in 1720  Gained separate status in the late 19 th century  China’s communists regime took control in the 1950s  Cornerstone of Buddhism, The Dalai Lama, and monasteries  Now an autonomous region

©2009, TESCCC The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, is the ceremonial home of the 14th Dalai Lama, now in exile in India.

©2009, TESCCC XINJIANG  Comprises one-sixth of China’s total land area  A region of high mountains and basins  Chinese only account for 40% of the population  Muslims accounts for half of the population  Has extensive reserves of oil and natural gas

©2009, TESCCC MONGOLIA  Steppe and desert environment  Sparsely populated with an estimated 2.5 million inhabitants  Part of the Chinese Empire from Late 1600s until 1911  Functions as a buffer state  Economy is focused on herding and animal products

©2009, TESCCC JAPANESE HISTORY  Chinese cultural influence  War, Medieval society arises, shoguns evolve  Tokugawa Shogunate, isolation, foreigners and Christianity expelled, individualistic culture, emphasis on Shinto belief system  1868: Meiji Restoration

©2009, TESCCC MEIJI RESTORATION  1868 Rebellion brought in reformers.  Reinstated the emperor and began to transform Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power.  Focus was on industrialization and education system.

©2009, TESCCC EXPANSIONIST JAPAN  TAIWAN1895  KOREA1910  MANCHURIA1931  CHINA1937  HONG KONG1939  SOUTHEAST ASIA1941

©2009, TESCCC SHINTOISM

©2009, TESCCC JAPANESE POPULATION  Population:127.4 million  Birth rate: 8 births/1,000  Death rate:8 deaths/1,000  Growth rate:0.0%  Life expectancy:78 (M), 85 (F)  Urbanization:78%

©2009, TESCCC KOREA  The size of “Idaho” but with a population of 73 million  Turbulent political history: A dependency of China A colony of Japan Divided along the 38 th parallel by Allied Powers > WWII (1945) Cease-fire line established in 1953 (DMZ) separates North Korea and South Korea

©2009, TESCCC NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS  NORTH KOREA 55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural Antiquated state enterprises Inefficient, non-productive agriculture Limited trade – former Soviet Union and China  SOUTH KOREA 45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized Modern factories Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe

©2009, TESCCC THE KOREAS- COMPARED  POPULATION 23,600,00049,200,000  GNP (BILLIONS)$ 21.3$  GNP/CAPITA $ 920$ 17,300  AGRICULTURE (as % of GNP) 25 % 8 % (% work force) 36 % 21 %

©2009, TESCCC TAIWAN Chiang Kai-shek Memorial

©2009, TESCCC

TAIWAN  Historical background : A Chinese province for centuries Colonized by Japan in 1895 Returned to China > WWII 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC)  Population – 22.7 million  77% urbanized