ECE Lecture 1 Microcontroller Concepts

Basic Computer System CPU Memory Program + Data I/O Interface Parallel I/O Device Serial I/O Device Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus Parallel Data Serial Data

Microprocessor - usually memory off-chip and only basic I/O interface on chip e.g., Intel 8008, 8080, 8086, 80286, Pentium Single-chip microcomputer - CPU, memory, I/O interface, and simple I/O devices on one LSI chip e.g., Intel 8048, 8051, Motorola 68HC11, 68HC16

Microcontroller: I/O oriented single-chip microcomputer Microcontroler vs. other single-chip microcomputers: Extended I/O capabilities synchronous and asynchronous communication devices, A/D and D/A converters, timers, counters, watchdogs Interrupt handling increased ability to prioritize levels of interrupts and mask individual interrupts Instruction set instructions oriented toward bit manipulation, operations on single bits of memory words or I/O ports

Early microcroprocessors performance integration General-purpose microprocessors Single-chip microcomputers - small price - low power consumption - built-in memory - built-in I/O devices - high speed - long word size volume sold x 1x 10 (e.g., Pentium, Alpha, Power PC) (e.g., MC68HC11, 8051) (8080, 6800, Z80)

Selected applications of microcontrollers (1) cars - engine fuel injection - transmission control - suspension and ride control - instrument display - breaking system house utilities - washing machine - microwave oven - refrigerator sport equipment - exercise machine - ski bindings

consumer electronics - automatic camera - TV set - compact disc players - telephone Selected applications of microcontrollers (2) computer peripherals - keyboard - mouse - printer - scanner - hard disk drive controller robots

Architecture vs. organization vs. realization Architecture - instruction set and input/output capabilities available to the programmer Organization is the implementation of the architecture in the block diagram form Realization - actual implementation of the organization in a given technology, e.g., CMOS

CPU RAM ROM EEPROM TIMER A/D SPI SCI PORT APORT BPORT CPORT DPORT E Organization of MC68HC11 in the Single-Chip Mode 88 (4)

Abbreviations CPU - Central Processing Unit := ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) + Control RAM - Random Access Memory := Read/Write Memory ROM - Read Only Memory (non-volatile) EPROM - Erasable Programmable ROM EEPROM - Electrically Erasable ROM SCI - Serial Communication Interface (asynchronous serial communication interface) SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface (synchronous serial communication interface) A/D - analog-to-digital converter

Memory types volatile non-volatile ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM Flash EEPROM FRAM RAM

Area required for a single bit cell 0.8 µm technology 20  10  14  20  40  human hair ROM EPROM Flash EPROM FRAM EEPROM RAM

Features of various memory types Type Number of write/erase cycles Writing time Typical cell size in 0.8  m technology RAM EEPROM EPROM Flash EPROM FRAM PROM ROM unlimited 10,000- 1,000,000 1  100,000   70 ns 3-10 ms  50 ms  100 ns  100 ms N/A  1, 700  m 2  400  m 2  200  m 2  100  m 2  200  m 2

Memory map of MC68HC11E1 $0000 $1000 $B600 $FFFF $0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM $1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers $B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM Single -chip mode

Input/Output Ports Port Input Pins Output Pins Bidirectional Pins Shared Functions Port A Port B Port C Port D Port E 3–––83–––8 38–––38––– 2–86–2–86– Timer High Order Address Low Order Address and Data Bus SCI and SPI A/D Converter

CPU RAM ROM EEPROM TIMER A/D SPI SCI PORT A PORT DPORT E Organization of MC68HC11 in the Expanded Bus Mode 8 (4) EXTERNAL RAM EXTERNAL ROM EXTERNAL EPROM EXTERNAL I/O

Memory map of MC68HC11E1 $0000 $1000 $B600 $FFFF $0000 $1000 $B600 $FFFF EXT $0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM $1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers $B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM Single-chip modeExpanded bus mode

Evaluation Board Configuration 68HC11E9 68HC24 - Port Replacement Unit RAM (e.g. 5164) ROM (e.g., 2764) 50 kB $2000-$B5FF 12 kB $D000-$FFFF Program & data Buffalo monitor B C B C A DE RAM 512B EEPROM 512B

Memory map of MC68HC11E9 with an external RAM $0000 $1000 $B600 $FFFF $0000-$01FF 512 bytes RAM $1000-$103F 64 bytes I/O registers $B600-$B7FF 512 bytes EEPROM Expanded bus mode $D000 $0000-$B5ff 32 kbytes RAM $D000-$FFFF 12 kbytes ROM $A5ff