CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Office Systems and Technology Chapter 2: Hardware for Computer Operations

2 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Computer-Based Information System Hardware refers to the equipment (CPU, input, output, and storage) Digital computer is used to organize numbers and alphabetic data  Data is represented in bytes which can be broken down into eight bits Analog computer is used as a measuring device

3 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Input/Output Devices Raw data is entered into the system using devices for human input and source data automation Data may be stored for batch processing or processed immediately May be in a form acceptable for another machine or usable by people  Output that is printed is called a hard copy  Output that can be viewed on a monitor or heard on over speakers is called a soft copy

4 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Processor Unit The processor unit includes primary storage and the CPU (control unit and arithmetic/logic unit) CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CONTROL UNIT Directs all operations according to program instructions PRIMARY MEMORY (MAIN MEMORY) Storage of programs and data during program execution ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT Mathematical and Logical Operations

5 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ CPU-Primary Storage Read-only memory (ROM) is nonvolatile memory, includes critical system instructions permanently stored by the manufacturer Random access memory (RAM) is temporary memory, also known as main memory or internal storage, volatile memory Cache memory is placed close to the CPU, very fast, complements RAM for quick access during processing

6 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Central Processing Unit (CPU) The central processing unit (CPU) processes data input to the main memory and transfers results from main memory to secondary storage and output devices The control unit interprets program instructions, control circuits are activated to complete operations, results are stored The arithmetic/logic unit performs all mathematical and logical comparisons

7 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Microprocessor Includes the control unit and arithmetic/logic unit mounted on a silicon chip Determines computer’s performance  Clock speed is measured in megahertz or gigahertz  Word length is the number of bits the CPU can process at a time  Bus width is the size of the data bus used to transfer data and instructions between the CPU and primary storage

8 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Secondary Storage Devices Auxiliary storage for data that are saved for future processing Processed data are saved using unique file names to identify the information or program Common devices include magnetic disk, optical disc, DVD, USB flash drive, and magnetic tape

9 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Types of Computers Mainframe computers are used by large organizations to support thousands of computers or as superservers for very large client/server networks Mid-range computers include minicomputers and servers, less powerful than a mainframe Microcomputers are digital computers that use a microprocessor, an internal storage chip, an input/output chip, and others. Five classifications based on size

10 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Microcomputers Workstations Desktop PCs Network computers Notebook computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)

11 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Input Devices Human Input  Keyboard  Mouse  Trackball  Stylus  Microphone Source Data Automation  Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)  Magnetic cards  Smart cards  Touch-sensitive screens  Optical mark recognition (OMR)  Bar code  Optical character recognition (OCR)  Voice input  Visual Input

12 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ User Interfaces A combination of hardware and software to make data entry easier, often reduces keystrokes to save time  Function keys  Screen prompts  Menus  Icons

13 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Information Output Paper output is used often so people can readily use the information Display output must be saved on a secondary storage device to be permanent, includes microfilm and microfiche A voice response system has sound chips embedded in the hardware, includes beeps and verbal responses to the user

14 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Output Devices Monitors vary in their quality, flat panel monitors utilize newer technology  Evaluate the viewable size of a monitor relative to the actual size  The resolution includes pixels and dot pitch; the lower the dot pitch, the greater number of pixels in the display and the higher the resolution Printers are chosen based on print quality, speed, and cost  Impact printers are noisy, slow, and low-quality for graphics; used for multi-part forms; inexpensive  Non-impact printers include ink jet and laser printers in many price ranges  Plotters are used for large drawing Speakers are used for voice-response systems

15 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ Long-Term Storage Devices are chosen based on channels, type of access, transfer rate, access time, and storage capacity  Hard disk or fixed disk is nonremovable, VERY large capacity  Magnetic disk is removable for use on other machines, limited space  USB flash drive is external, portable storage with large capacity  Optical discs include CD-ROM (read only), CD-R for one time storage, CD-RW for repeat use, and DVD for multimedia  RAID includes 10–100 small hard disk drives in a single unit  Magnetic tapes are used for backing up data  Storage area networks are useful for shared applications and platforms