18.2 The Spanish-American War (1898) IDENTIFY: The causes and key events of the war UNDERSTAND: How the US acquired Spanish colonies.
WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR? Jose Martí leading fight for Cuban independence from Spain Spanish General Valeriano Weyler cracks down on Cuba, creates “concentration camps,” thousands die of hunger & disease De Lome Letter: criticizes Pres. McKinley The explosion of the USS Maine Feb. 15, 1898 Hearst and Pulitzer’s US papers fuel war fever with yellow journalism (Remington images) “You give me the pictures I’ll give you the war”
USS Maine before… http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/h46000/h46774.jpg
…USS Maine after
Why did McKinley call for war with Spain? Popular Business interests Spanish “despotism” Yellow Press/jingoism Maine Incident
Timeline of Spanish-American War February 15, 1898 April 20, 1898 May 1, 1898 July 25, 1898 August 12, 1898 February 6, 1899
Timeline of Spanish-American War February 15, 1898 Battleship Maine mysteriously explodes and sinks near the Cuban coast, 260 Americans die April 20, 1898 United States goes to war with Spain May 1, 1898 Admiral Dewey steams into Manila Bay and destroys Spanish fleet July 25, 1898 United States troops invade Puerto Rico August 12, 1898 United States and Spain sign armistice (cease fire) February 6, 1899 Senate passes Treaty of Paris
Spanish-American War Q: Who had the advantage at the beginning of the war? A: Spain had more soldiers and a bigger navy Q: How did the Philippines become involved? A: UNDER-Secretary Teddy Roosevelt ordered Commodore George Dewey to attack Manila
Who are the Rough Riders? regiment of American volunteers , including cowboys, polo players, ex-convicts, college athletes…and Teddy Roosevelt Why are they historically significant? http://www.etsu.edu/cas/history/resources/Private/Faculty/Fac_From1877ChapterDoc/ChapterImages/Ch19RooseveltandtheRough%20Riders.jpg
“Rough Riders” http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/img/grprord.jpg
Who is missing from this picture? Charge of San Juan Hill Historical Significance: Establishes reputation of TR and the United States as a world power. Painting by Frederic Remington Who is missing from this picture?
Buffalo Soldiers
OUTCOMES p. 534 379 US combat deaths, 5000+ deaths from disease Treaty of Paris of 1898: -Cuba “freed” (Platt Amendment) -Guam and Puerto Rico are US possessions -Philippines purchased for $20 million then annexed to US Increase in American prestige abroad
What were the arguments against expanding America’s empire? Violate our own fundamental beliefs Competition for American labor
18.3: Acquiring New Lands OBJECTIVE: Understand how US imperialism developed and how the US acquired Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
The US in Puerto Rico Luis Munoz Rivera (La Democrazia) Had gained limited self rule from Spain in 1897 US government makes no promises about their future during the war with Spain No real agreement as to what they wanted Independence? Statehood? Combination of both? The Foraker Act: set terms of relationship. No citizenship and the US President could appoint governor
Cuba Becomes a Protectorate The Teller Amendment: no intent to annex or control Cuba The Platt Amendment: Us insists that it be added to their new Constitution No treaties that might limit Cuban Independence The US can intervene to maintain order Cuba can not go into debt The US can buy or lease land in Cuba for naval and coaling stations PROTECTORATE? Why?
MOTIVATING IDEAS OF IMPERIALISM ALTRUISM COMMERCE RACIAL SUPERIORITY NATIONAL HONOR “And one night it came to me this way-I don’t know how it was, but it came: (1) that we could not give them back to Spain – that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany-our commercial rivals in the Orient that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves – the were unfit for self-government and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain’s was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate they Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellowmen for whom Christ also died. And then I went to bed, and went to sleep and slept soundly.” -President McKinley; reflecting on what to do with the Philippines after the Spanish American war.
The Philippine revolt Emilio Aguinaldo: proclaims independence in January 1899 by February armed revolt had begun US “concentration” camps 70,000 US soldiers many “buffalo” soldiers Problem?
Results and aftermath 3 years 20,000 rebels and 4,000 American lives lost 400 Million dollars (20x the price paid) Same government as Puerto Rico Taft governor of Island for 3 years POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE?
China and the open door Philippines were a gateway to China HOWEVER European powers had already carved China into Spheres of Influence US Secretary of State John Hay issues a series of statements called the OPEN DOOR NOTES open access to china’s coastal ports Eliminate special priveliges for any trading nation Maintain China’s Independence