Dewey and Taylor on Scientific Management in a Democratic Society Shane J. Ralston, Ph.D. Penn State University-Hazleton Penn State University-World Campus

Outline of the Paper Scientific Management (SM) in PA = Frederick Winslow Taylor SM in philosophy =John Dewey Similarities/differences between their two accounts of SM -Dewey, various texts on logic/inquiry/education -Taylor,The Principles of Scientific Management (PSM) (1911) - Dewey’s critique of Taylorism/SM in Democracy and Education (DE) (1916) Q: What are the implications of the comparison for public management/organizational theory/democratic governance?

The Dewey-Taylor Comparison Initial points of comparison: Emphasis on experimental inquiry Faith in technological progress Professed commitment to industrial democracy, worker welfare Belief that scientific method should be extended into all areas of life No consensus among commentators (Patricia Shields, Keith Snider, G. Alan Tarr) Dewey’s trenchant critique of Taylorism in DE weakens the comparison Nevertheless, the implications of the comparison could prove fruitful

Deweyan Inquiry and SM Dewey’s 5 Stages of Inquiry Felt difficulty 2. Specifying the problem 3. Suggesting a solution 4. Refining the suggestion 5. Testing the suggestion 1. Indeterminate situation Settled situation/ Warranted assertion Primary, non-reflective experience Secondary, reflective experience Dewey’s 5 Stages of Inquiry Felt difficulty Locate and define problem Suggest possible solution(s) Refine suggestion(s) Test suggestion(s) Dewey: “Management . . . amount[s] to rule-of-thumb procedure, to routine. If circumstances resembled the past, it might work well enough . . . “ (DE) Dewey: “Democracy is a way of life controlled by a working faith in the possibilities of human nature”

Taylor and the “One Best Way” Taylorism = management consulting (Kanigel, Lepore) SM= “philosophy in industrial management” Four principles One best way Workers selected scientifically Worker pay is a function of worker efficiency Congenial worker-management relations Taylor’s time-motion studies Catalogue basic movements Establish baseline data for time each movement takes Experimentally determine standard time, quickest time = quota

Dewey’s Critique of Taylorism Concedes that division of labor/standardized work procedures are necessary for industrial efficiency, but ... Workers must derive intrinsic rewards from work - Extrinsic rewards only favor physical efficiency, end is independent of the action - Social efficiency also matters - Latent mind/body dualism in Taylor’s account No one best way - Always multiple methods for increasing productivity - Different conception of the “labor problem”

Scientific Management in the Public Sector – From Taylor to Dewey Morris Cooke, Taylorite extends SM to public sector management Dewey’s approach = closer to Human Relations Theory than SM 1) Emphasizes intrinsic (not extrinsic) rewards, generate a positive work environment (similar To Elton Mayo) 2) Supervisors should form supportive relationships with subordinates, empower, not command (similar to Fritz Roethlisberger) 3) Develop informal/collaborative groups, promote workplace democracy(similar to Mary Parker Follet) 4) Motivational strategy that integrates the end into the action, cultivates moral imagination

Conclusion Key difference between Taylor and Dewey Danger: Treating Taylorism as synonymous with SM Key difference between Taylor and Dewey Prospect of a joint Taylor-Dewey approach to public management