Lesson 1: The Industrial Revolution

 Began in 1780’s  Several reasons behind it  1. Agricultural Revolution  2. Increased population  3. Increased capital  4. Natural Resources (Examples)  5. Supply of markets for goods (Examples) Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

The Cotton Industry  Inventions that improved industry  Spinning Jenny (1764-Hargreaves)  Water powered loom (1787-Cartwright)  Steam engine (1782-Watt)  Use of cottage industry (creation of cotton in rural homes)  Cotton production increased from 2.5 million pounds (1760) to 366 million pounds a year (1840)  Established a factory system  Workers used to working long hours trained to work a schedule each day

Coal and Iron  Iron  Puddling  Coke used to burn away impurities  Creating pig iron  Stronger version of iron  England produced 70,000 tons a year  By 1852, up to 3 million tons a year  Coal  Main source of power for steam engine  Used to help create iron

Railroads  Trevithick: built first locomotive (1804)  Went only 5 miles per hour while carrying people/cargo  1830: The Rocket  Went 16 miles per hour  By 1850, Trains going 50mph  Railroads covered 6,000miles of land by 1850  Provided jobs for peasants and laborers  Cheaper travel led to lower prices for goods and increased capital

The Spread of Industrialization  England industrialized by 1850  Belgium, Germany, and France followed  Countries were connected by the railroads  US began industrialization in mid 1800’s  US population skyrocketed  Fulton’s steamboat provided new source of travel (Clermont)  Railroads covered 30,000 miles by 1860 (Mainly in North)

Social Impact of Industrialization  Population growth  1750: 140 million (in Europe)  1850: 260 million  Decline in death rates (Why?)  Urbanization  Growth of cities  People moved to cities for factory work

Social Impact of Industrialization  New Social Classes  Industrial capitalism  Economic system based on production and manufacturing  Created the industrial middle class  Built factories, bought machines, developed markets  Industrial working class  Worked 16 hours a day, 6 days a week  No worker’s comp, unemployment benefits, insurance, poor factory conditions, no minimum wage  Factory Act of 1833: age 9 is minimum age to work, limited working hours for children

Social Impact of Industrialization  Socialism  Economic system  Government controls and owns means of production  Utopian socialists  Robert Owen: New Lanark, Scotland  Creating cooperative communities

Nationalism and Political Revolutions

Europe in the 1830’s  Liberalism and Nationalism drive out old regimes and bring in new government  France  Charles X  Censored the press and removed voting rights  Overthrown and replaced by Louis-Philippe  Belgium- Broke away from Dutch Republic  Italy- Attempted Independence  Austria maintained control  Poland- Attempted Independence  Brought down by the Russians

1848: Year of Revolutions  France  Louis-Philippe maintained strict control and limited voting rights  French radicals overthrew him and wanted to set up republic  Provisional Government  Universal male suffrage  Provided work for unemployed  Caused the country to near bankruptcy  Led to closure of unemployment and violence

1848: Year of Revolutions  France  The Second Republic (11/4/1848)  Universal male suffrage  A president chosen by the people (4 year term)  Nephew of Napoleon won 1 st election

1848: Year of Revolutions  Germany  Frankfurt Assembly  Wanted to establish limited monarchy with parliament  Election by universal male suffrage  Why it failed  Frederick William IV of Prussia turned down the throne which left Germans with no leader and therefore their constitution was null and void

1848: Year of Revolutions  Austria  An empire made up of different nationalities  Germans made up small portion of empire but had lots of power  Revolts took place across the empire  Capital city was overtaken (wanted liberal legislature)  In response: Hungary given own legislature  Russian troops came in to help regain order and remove all rebels  Czechs lost any chance of Legislature  Hungarians lost theirs too

1848: Year of Revolutions  Italy  Lombardy and Venetian territories try to overthrow Austrian control  Looked to create liberal constitutions and unify Italy  Efforts failed

Nationalism, Unification, and Reform

The Crimean War  Russia vs. Ottoman Empire  Winner gets the Balkans  Russia: Needed it for naval supremacy in the Eastern Mediterranean  Ottoman Empire: In a major decline and failure would probably cripple empire  1853  Russia invades Moldavia and Walachia  Great Britain and France declare war on Russia  War was a disaster and peace treaty sought quickly

Unification of Nations  Italy