Group 4 – Marine Energy Marine Current Resource and Technology Matching James Glynn Kirsten Hamilton Tom McCombes Malcolm MacDonald James Glynn Kirsten Hamilton Tom McCombes Malcolm MacDonald Investigate the characteristics of the tidal resources in Scotland and demonstrate how to match those resources with the appropriate Marine current technology Project Definition

Project Flowchart STAGE 1 A. Resource InvestigationB. Technology Investigation ii) Vertical axis turbine iii) Oscillating Hydrofoil i) Horizontal axis turbine TOMS software A. Matching Methodology STAGE 2 Environmental Impact & Planning Assessment B. Case study MappingTidal Data STAGE 3 Expert system STAGE 1 A. Resource InvestigationB. Technology Investigation ii) Vertical axis turbine iii) Oscillating Hydrofoil Map and profile sites in the West of Scotland i) Horizontal axis turbine TOMS software Calculate surface tidal current data for each site A. Matching Methodology STAGE 2 Most suitable velocity distribution for operation identified Velocity distribution calculated for an area of a particular bathymetric characteristic Environmental Impact & Planning Assessment B. Case study Use bathymetry of sites to calculate shear profiles and derive velocity distributions Generic Modelling of three tidal technologies and suitable conditions for deployment - Define rules to match technology with a particular resource characteristic - Velocity distribution for site matched with suitable velocity distribution for technology MappingTidal Data Prove robustness of work and further quantify methodology STAGE 3 Expert System

A. Resource Investigation - Summary STAGE 1 A. Resource InvestigationB. Technology Investigation ii) Vertical axis turbine iii) Oscillating Hydrofoil i) Horizontal axis turbine TOMS software A. Matching Methodology STAGE 2 Environmental Impact & Planning Assessment B. Case study MappingTidal Data STAGE 3 Expert system Pentland FirthPentland Firth Orkney IslesOrkney Isles Butt of LewisButt of Lewis Sound of HarrisSound of Harris Barra Sound, South UistBarra Sound, South Uist Barra Head, South UistBarra Head, South Uist Head of ArdmurchánHead of Ardmurchán Tiree & CollTiree & Coll Firth of Lorne, MullFirth of Lorne, Mull Strait of Islay & Jura West Bank IslayWest Bank Islay Middle Bank, IslayMiddle Bank, Islay Kildonan Pt, ArranKildonan Pt, Arran Mull of KintyreMull of Kintyre Sites Mapped

Mapping Method

Velocity Distribution Model ‘TOMS’ STAGE 1 A. Resource InvestigationB. Technology Investigation ii) Vertical axis turbine iii) Oscillating Hydrofoil i) Horizontal axis turbine TOMS software A. Matching Methodology STAGE 2 Environmental Impact & Planning Assessment B. Case study MappingTidal Data STAGE 3 Expert system Bathymetric profiles (channel cross-sections) from mapping data is inserted into TOMS software, ‘Topological Oceanographic Modelling for Shear’. This provides shear profiles of flow having inserted values for surface flow and roughness coupled with Manning’s equation. The shear profiles enable the velocity profiles for sites of varying cross-section to be calculated A simple tool to quickly assess the effect the topography of a sites affects the velocity of the flow Bathymetric profiles (channel cross-sections) from mapping data is inserted into TOMS software, ‘Topological Oceanographic Modelling for Shear’. This provides shear profiles of flow having inserted values for surface flow and roughness coupled with Manning’s equation. The shear profiles enable the velocity profiles for sites of varying cross-section to be calculated A simple tool to quickly assess the effect the topography of a sites affects the velocity of the flow

Velocity Distribution Model ‘TOMS’ Mapped profile Horizontal shear influence on velocity Vertical shear influence on velocity Overall velocity profile Mapped profile Horizontal shear influence on velocity Vertical shear influence on velocity Overall velocity profile Computational Model Update Model currently being applied to various areas in the west of Scotland Also being validated against known results such as Straits of Messina, currently shows good correlation Next step is to include seabed roughness and shoreline effects Next week we hope to conclude resource model, show results and use it to develop matching methodology Model currently being applied to various areas in the west of Scotland Also being validated against known results such as Straits of Messina, currently shows good correlation Next step is to include seabed roughness and shoreline effects Next week we hope to conclude resource model, show results and use it to develop matching methodology

B. Technology Investigation Continued … STAGE 1 A. Resource InvestigationB. Technology Investigation ii) Vertical axis turbine iii) Oscillating Hydrofoil i) Horizontal axis turbine TOMS software A. Matching Methodology STAGE 2 Environmental Impact & Planning Assessment B. Case study MappingTidal Data STAGE 3 Expert system

Horizontal Axis Turbine Model Able to predict:  Blade element forces and moments  Blade element performance Thus  Torque, power, thrust and loading of device  Device efficiency For  Plain, common-or-garden free flow turbines  Co-axial, contra-rotating  Shrouded (ducted fan) type MCTs In  Uniform & non-uniform flow normal and yawed to the disk plane Able to predict:  Blade element forces and moments  Blade element performance Thus  Torque, power, thrust and loading of device  Device efficiency For  Plain, common-or-garden free flow turbines  Co-axial, contra-rotating  Shrouded (ducted fan) type MCTs In  Uniform & non-uniform flow normal and yawed to the disk plane

Oscillating Hydrofoil Model Standard NACA 0015 Airfoil Section  Symmetrical Profile  High Lift, Low Drag Standard NACA 0015 Airfoil Section  Symmetrical Profile  High Lift, Low Drag Predict system forces  Specified foil geometry  Optimum angle of attack  Balanced arm Vs foil design Resolve system forces  Torque  Sinusoidal angular velocity  Cyclic power output profile Dual Foil Generation  Out of phase cycle  Constant power profile  Neutral vertical lift

Environmental Agencies & Impact STAGE 1 A. Resource InvestigationB. Technology Investigation ii) Vertical axis turbine iii) Oscillating Hydrofoil i) Horizontal axis turbine TOMS software A. Matching Methodology STAGE 2 Environmental Impact & Planning Assessment B. Case study MappingTidal Data STAGE 3 Expert system A part of the project is to identify a generic proposal structure that would incorporate the necessary information for all the agencies concerned  Found their relevant literature or contacted them  Will help us compile criteria; of importance for developers, as an initial aid At first glance, appears that consent process between relevant bodies quite convoluted – authority/overlap unclear  On further inspection, doesn’t get better  Some potential developers gone elsewhere for easier life.. Iceland, Norway.  Some employees we spoke to agreed more standardisation across the board was required At least 6 distinct groups that require a part in the consultation process. Brief rundown: A part of the project is to identify a generic proposal structure that would incorporate the necessary information for all the agencies concerned  Found their relevant literature or contacted them  Will help us compile criteria; of importance for developers, as an initial aid At first glance, appears that consent process between relevant bodies quite convoluted – authority/overlap unclear  On further inspection, doesn’t get better  Some potential developers gone elsewhere for easier life.. Iceland, Norway.  Some employees we spoke to agreed more standardisation across the board was required At least 6 distinct groups that require a part in the consultation process. Brief rundown:

Agencies and their Roles Scottish Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Concerns – EIA MOD MOD fully reflects the Government’s policies on ‘Sustainable Development’ In total, the estate comprises some 240,000 hectares (ha) with over 4,000 sites; an area equivalent to about one per cent of the UK landmass Submarine testing areas etc, of which there are many Scottish Natural Heritage Provides Government advice- enables energy policy to account for natural heritage Detailed advice is limited - early stages of technology development ‘Outwith areas of high scenic or marine wildlife value, tidal stream generators may offer the potential to generate electricity with lower impacts..’ Assessment on marine impact on going. Highest velocity streams off limits Many Scottish estuaries: wildfowl, land or intertidal areas designated SPAs/ SACs

Agencies and their Roles Crown Estate Own waters to territorial limits : 12nm, and to continental shelf: 200nm Rents/leases sites and grants licenses. 3rd party liability insurance essential Northern Lighthouse Board Navigation, danger to surface craft. Request consultation on case by case basis. Stipulate flasher-buoys, notice to mariners, or mapping for farm deployment etc Has authority for rejection. EIS with application. Standardised with IALA for RE. MCA and the DTi Apply to DTi’s Offshore Renewables Consent Unit & MCA is their consultation body Currently updating/creating standards e.g., MGN 275. Remit is coastal protection (act devolved to SE) & safety at sea. Carry a lot of weight International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Order 1 standard multibeam bathymetry survey required, and scale dependent EIS etc Crown Estate Own waters to territorial limits : 12nm, and to continental shelf: 200nm Rents/leases sites and grants licenses. 3rd party liability insurance essential Northern Lighthouse Board Navigation, danger to surface craft. Request consultation on case by case basis. Stipulate flasher-buoys, notice to mariners, or mapping for farm deployment etc Has authority for rejection. EIS with application. Standardised with IALA for RE. MCA and the DTi Apply to DTi’s Offshore Renewables Consent Unit & MCA is their consultation body Currently updating/creating standards e.g., MGN 275. Remit is coastal protection (act devolved to SE) & safety at sea. Carry a lot of weight International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) Order 1 standard multibeam bathymetry survey required, and scale dependent EIS etc

Studies & Recommendations Studies advocate on-going assessment, general consensus at this time impacts minimal, though many unknowns Potential effects:  flow patterns, sediment transport, scour,  flow reduction significant,  marine life, ecology, navigational effects, diving seabirds  acoustic emissions, vibrational effects, installation disturbances Highlighted Effects in studies  shipborne and shore-based radar interference  electromagnetic interference  Collision risks, shadow effects Potential obligations:  Refuge in piled structures  Site traffic surveys,  International navigation  Parametric models for seabed disturbance and impact  24h manned control units for emergency shutdown+CCTV Studies advocate on-going assessment, general consensus at this time impacts minimal, though many unknowns Potential effects:  flow patterns, sediment transport, scour,  flow reduction significant,  marine life, ecology, navigational effects, diving seabirds  acoustic emissions, vibrational effects, installation disturbances Highlighted Effects in studies  shipborne and shore-based radar interference  electromagnetic interference  Collision risks, shadow effects Potential obligations:  Refuge in piled structures  Site traffic surveys,  International navigation  Parametric models for seabed disturbance and impact  24h manned control units for emergency shutdown+CCTV

WIP and Completed SIF ..if tidal farms began to significantly reduce the flow in their area, this would have a detrimental effect on the energy output of the farm, something developers will wish to avoid.. DTi (2005)  Advocated approach by RGU and Carbon Trust >  Velocity & head loss after extraction etc GGS, (Gorlov et al) new Betz limit?  Seaflow recorded max 0.6 Cp  Chow, Yamell, Manning open channel hydraulics, obstructions, back water, head loss.  Compound spheres of influence, turbulence  Investigating maximum extractable portion, and tool development Model Validation  GH 31MW sound Mull – see how correlates, more like 10MW  Velocity models accurate for Sound of Islay and Mull, Website, technology modelling, case studies, and the methodology…… SIF ..if tidal farms began to significantly reduce the flow in their area, this would have a detrimental effect on the energy output of the farm, something developers will wish to avoid.. DTi (2005)  Advocated approach by RGU and Carbon Trust >  Velocity & head loss after extraction etc GGS, (Gorlov et al) new Betz limit?  Seaflow recorded max 0.6 Cp  Chow, Yamell, Manning open channel hydraulics, obstructions, back water, head loss.  Compound spheres of influence, turbulence  Investigating maximum extractable portion, and tool development Model Validation  GH 31MW sound Mull – see how correlates, more like 10MW  Velocity models accurate for Sound of Islay and Mull, Website, technology modelling, case studies, and the methodology……

Q. Why use an integral rather than a finite difference (numerical) method? -Numerical methods can make fewer assumptions but relies on excellent input data and a solution is not general. Also it is extremely time consuming. There would have to be a massive number of grid points if all eddy (1dm-1km) scales are to be solved on the grid. Q. What are the problems with existing data? -Scarcity: tidal data is available, but nearly all studies are based on surface data, and do not take into account seabed bathymetry. -Resolution: Shallow Water Equation application (and others) are generally of a 1 minute resolution. -Inverse simulation, by SWE does NOT integrate depthwise so sub- surface velocity profiles are unknown. Q. What is the effect of the horizontal shear contribution to the velocity profile? -Negligible in channels where there is very gentle undulation of the depth across width; not so in channels where there is more severe variation in depth. Q. Why use an integral rather than a finite difference (numerical) method? -Numerical methods can make fewer assumptions but relies on excellent input data and a solution is not general. Also it is extremely time consuming. There would have to be a massive number of grid points if all eddy (1dm-1km) scales are to be solved on the grid. Q. What are the problems with existing data? -Scarcity: tidal data is available, but nearly all studies are based on surface data, and do not take into account seabed bathymetry. -Resolution: Shallow Water Equation application (and others) are generally of a 1 minute resolution. -Inverse simulation, by SWE does NOT integrate depthwise so sub- surface velocity profiles are unknown. Q. What is the effect of the horizontal shear contribution to the velocity profile? -Negligible in channels where there is very gentle undulation of the depth across width; not so in channels where there is more severe variation in depth. Next Steps: Complete Technology Investigation and start identifying optimum operating conditions Begin stage 2 Methodology Any Questions? Recurring Questions…