Memory
What are these graphs showing What are these graphs showing? In your table group, provide an interpretation of the data shown here. Define the terms: Recognition Serial position Primacy effect Recency effect Be prepared to share your findings with the class in 15 minutes.
What is the model on the next slide showing What is the model on the next slide showing? In your table group, provide an interpretation of the model on the next slide. Define ALL of the terms shown in the model: Be prepared to share your findings with the class at our next meeting. A written response will be collected from each table group during the next class.
Information Processing Model of Memory (Modal Model) Preattentive Processing Attentive Processing Bottom-up Control Rehearsal Consolidation Input Sensory Memory Selection Working Memory Long-term Memory Bottleneck Encoding Retrieval Top-down Control Iconic Memory (~200-300 ms) Echoic Memory (~500 ms) Central Executive Phonological Loop Visuospatial Sketchpad Explicit Implicit Declarative Procedural Semantic Skill Episodic Priming Classical- Conditioning
Space bar for iconic memory task
K Z R Q B T S G N
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How many letters can you remember? Sperling (1960) found that when asked to remember any of the letters after they were flashed for 50 msec, they generally remembered about ½ of them But … If he cued them to remember the letters in a certain row by giving them a cue after the letter presentation, they could remember almost all of the letters.
An example of chunking increasing the amount of information remembered DE AF BI IR SC IA AT FE PA
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DEA FBI IRS CIA ATF EPA
Taught himself nonsense syllables (such as DAX, VUM, KEL) and tested himself in various conditions (1885) The Ebbinghaus Retention Curve
Can you influence the forgetting curve?
Why do you think Leslie learned more? 90 % 75 % 50 %
The serial position curve comparing immediate and delayed recall
Amnesia Case Study H.M. (Henry Molaison) Bilateral hippocampal and amygdala lesions with portions of medial temporal lobe destroyed as well to reduce epilepsy Caused severe anterograde amnesia (cannot remember new information) and retrograde amnesia (inability to recall long term memories) for some years before the surgery H.M. did retain the ability to learn new procedural information (like the mirror star tracing task) so memory deficiency was limited to declarative information. Similar to case study N.A. (fencing foil through eye) and to Korsakoff’s syndrome (alcoholic vitamin B1 deficency [thiamine]) causing severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia (involvement of mammilary bodies). Compare to Alzheimer’s Disease in which cerebral atrophy causes progressively severe retrograde amnesia (‘first in – last out’ principle of memory formation and loss).
Attention What is attention? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kW86cDBZNLo Dichotic Listening – for auditory attention http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B1NqyB_h5E Stroop Task – for visual attention Attention is composed of two basic processes: The Central Executive (Working memory) Prefrontal/Parietal/Language areas Selection process (bottleneck) Anterior cingulate
The prefrontal cortex controls higher cognitive functions Prefrontal Syndromes Dorsolateral Orbitofrontal (Phineas Gage) Dysexecutive type Disinhibited type Diminished judgement, planning, insight, time organization Stimulus-driven behaviors - Utilization Motor behavior issues (aphasia and apraxia) Inappropriate social behavior Diminished self-care Distractible (Attention deficit) Perseveration (Wisconsin Card sort task) Emotional lability
Prefrontal Circuits The ‘Panic’ Circuit
Schematic illustrations of putative neural circuits of behavioral flexibility (A), selective attention (B), sustained attention (C), and impulse control (D). http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fncir.2013.00063/full#sthash.11INmbbK.dpuf
Want to explore the experiments in the study of memory? http://step.psy.cmu.edu/scripts/categories.html#memory
References